<p>The John Harrington Stevens House is a historic structure in the USA state of Minnesota. Named for John H. Stevens, it was the first authorized house on the west bank of the Mississippi River in what would become Minneapolis. The house is the second oldest remaining wood-frame house in Minneapolis . The house is part of the Minnehaha Historic District and managed by the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. The structure was heavily damaged by three acts of arson in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>"Birthplace of Minneapolis"</h3><br>
<p>The house was built in 1850 at Saint Anthony Falls by the same carpenter that built the Ard Godfrey house.</p><br>
<p>pdf pg 120 It was located just downstream from present day Hennepin Ave. and near West River Parkway (between the Hennepin Ave. Bridge and the Post Office). Stevens was granted permission to build his house on land controlled by Fort Snelling in exchange for providing ferry service across the river, accounting for the nickname "ferry farm." He and his wife, Frances Helen, had no white neighbors, but Native people were often seen nearby.That probably ended in 1851 with the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux. Stevens then claimed 160 acres along the west bank from Bassetts Creek (near Plymouth Ave.) to 2nd Avenue S. In 1855 the claim (and many other claims for west bank land) was granted. The Stevens home became a hub of civic and social activity, and was dubbed the "birthplace of Minneapolis." In the Stevens home, the name Minneapolis was chosen, Hennepin County and the Minneapolis school district were organized, and the idea for a state fair originated. When Stevens sold his house in the early 1860s the area from Hennepin Ave. to 2nd St. S rapidly filled up with buildings in an area now called the Gateway Residential District (which was later replaced with railroad tracks).</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>The Stevens House was moved to near 1st Ave. S and 1st St. in 1872 then moved to 16th Ave. S. in 1881. It was discovered as a historic property and in 1896 moved to Minnehaha Park by thousands of school kids, in relays, along with ten horses. In 1982 it was moved to its present location in Minnehaha Park.</p><br>
<p>The house was placed under the jurisdiction of the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. In 2022, the Star Tribune reported on its deteriorating condition with repairs tentatively planned for the future.</p><br>
<h3>Arson</h3><br>
<p>The house was damaged by three arson attacks in 2022. A fire on August 30 heavily damaged the building&#39;s back side, but preservationists determined it could be rebuilt. A fire on September 20 affected part of the exterior. Initial work on the renovation was underway when another suspicious fire on October 1 burned the first and second floors and part of the roof.</p><br>
<p>Madame John&#39;s Legacy is a historic house museum at 632 Dumaine Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. Completed in 1788, it is one of the oldest houses in the French Quarter, and was built in the older French colonial style that was still prevalent in New Orleans at that time. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for its architectural significance. The Louisiana State Museum owns the house and provides tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Madame Johns Legacy stands north of Jackson Square, on the southwest side of Dumaine Street between Royal and Chartres Streets. The buildings name derives from the story "Tite Poulette" by New Orleans author George Washington Cable, and refers to a building that previously stood on the site. It is a French colonial raised cottage, its ground level a full-height basement built out of brick, and a wood frame main level above. The exterior is clad in wooden boards. Behind the main building is an open courtyard, with a brick slave quarters, kitchen, and garconnière at the rear of the property probably dating to the 1820s. The basement level of the house appears shorter than it was when built, in part because the street level has been raised in the intervening centuries.</p><br>
<p>Although archival records point to 1788 as the date of completion for its construction, archaeological investigations suggest that the house possibly incorporates a significant amount of an earlier one built on the site circa 1730 by François Marin and occupied by his widow, the New Orleans businesswoman Elisabeth Réal, until her death in 1777. Following the 1788 fire, owner Manuel de Lanzos instructed the American contractor Robert Jones to recycle as much brick and iron hardware as possible from his damaged house, suggesting that enough of it survived the fire to be included in the rebuilding. Whether entirely rebuilt in 1788 or a restoration of a damaged structure, the house managed to survive the 1794 fire unscathed. It underwent a number of alterations in the 19th century, most notably as part of a conversion to apartments in the late 19th century. In 1947 the house was donated to the Louisiana State Museum and operated as a museum until 1965, when it was closed due to hurricane damage. It was subjected to a painstaking restoration in the early 1970s, restoring it as much as possible to its late 18th-century appearance, and reopened.</p><br>
<p>This house is briefly seen in the 1994 movie Interview with the Vampire in a scene where caskets are being carried out of the house while Louis (Brad Pitt) is describing Lestat (Tom Cruise) and Claudia (Kirsten Dunst) going out on the town. Part of 12 Years a Slave was also filmed at the house.</p><br>
<p>Natchitoches Historic District , also known as Natchitoches National Historic Landmark District, is a historic district encompassing the heart of Natchitoches, Louisiana, the oldest permanent European settlement in what is now Louisiana, and the oldest permanent European settlement in the wider geographic area involved in the Louisiana Purchase. It was founded by the French in 1714 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The city of Natchitoches, when founded, was located on the banks at the head of navigation of the Red River in northern Louisiana, roughly midway between Alexandria and Shreveport. It was founded in 1714 by French explorers, who were seeking to firmly establish French claims to the territory against those of New Spain. As such, it eventually developed into a significant trading center, with goods flowing among the French, Spanish, and area Native American tribes. The citys oldest streets are laid out parallel to the river, and the long-distance road network was expanded after French Louisiana was ceded to Spain in 1763. The city remained an important regional trading center until the second quarter of the 19th century, when the Red Rivers course shifted eastward, leaving the downtown flanking the old channel, now known as the Cane River. This put an end to major development in the city, and helped preserve much of its 18th-century character.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along both sides of the old river channel, but only includes properties on Williams Street on the east side. It extends for several blocks (as far as Fourth Street) on the west side, between the Keyser Street bridge in the south and Texas Street in the north. It has more than 200 historic structures, including a significant concentration of 18th and early 19th-century buildings built using the French colonial construction technique of bousillage.</p><br>
<p>Instrumental in the establishment of the district was the historical preservationist Robert DeBlieux, who served as mayor of Natchitoches from 1976-1980.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, listed as the Church of the Immaculate Conception.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>KDBH-FM - 97.5 - Classic country</p><br>
<p>KZBL - 100.7 - Oldies</p><br>
<p>The Robbinsdale Library was a community library in Robbinsdale, Minnesota built in 1925 through the efforts of the Robbinsdale Library Club. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Robbinsdale Library Club was first organized in 1907. Books were originally kept in the Village Hall, but in 1917 a small building was moved to a location on Rockford Road, now known as 42nd Avenue North, west of the Great Northern Railway (now BNSF Railway) tracks. This building proved inadequate, so a new library building was built on the same location and opened on January 4, 1926. The cost of construction, about $8,000 to $9,000, was funded with donations from local citizens and the library club. The Hennepin County Library system took over the library in 1922, but the library club still owned the building and grounds.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, the Hennepin County Library system built a larger, regional library in Crystal about a mile west of the Robbinsdale library. The new Rockford Road Library opened in 1973, so the old Robbinsdale library was closed in 1975. At the time of its closure, the library had a collection of about 17,000 volumes and an annual circulation of over 102,000. City Councilman Verne Baker led efforts to list the building on the National Register of Historic Places. A plaque on the building reads, "Robbinsdale Community Center, Robbin Gallery - Declared National Historic Site 1978 - Built in 1926 for use as a public library by Robbinsdale Library Club which was founded in 1904 - Donated to the City of Robbinsdale for community use, 1977." The building now houses the Robbinsdale Historical Society and Robbin Gallery.</p><br>
<p>Lockerbie Square Historic District is a national historic district on the National Register of Historic Places within Indianapolis, Indiana, listed on February 23, 1973, with a boundary increase on July 28, 1987. It is noted for its Federal, Italianate, and Queen Anne style architecture. The original platting of Lockerbie Square, done by Jannett Smith Lockerbie McOuat and named for her father, Scottish immigrant George Murray Lockerbie, was between 1847 and 1850. The 1960s saw an immense effort to save the buildings within the district, becoming the first historic district in Indianapolis. Many of the buildings date from 1855 to 1930. James Whitcomb Riley, famed Hoosier poet, lived in the district for over two decades. He was known to give candy to local children on his regular walks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lockerbie Square is the oldest intact residential neighborhood of Indianapolis. Lockerbie is located on the northeast side of Alexander Ralstons Plat of Indianapolis at the intersection of East Street and New York Street. The western border of the district is East Street, so named as it was the original eastern boundary of Indianapolis. The neighborhood is directly south of the Mass Ave Cultural District and north of the Cole-Noble District. At only 3/4 mi away from Monument Circle, Lockerbie Square was one of Indianapolis earliest walkable suburbs.</p><br>
<p>At one point, it was called Germantown, due to the numerous German immigrants living in the district starting in 1849.</p><br>
<p>The housing demand in the 1880s caused the Lockerbie District to prosper and grow.</p><br>
<p>After World War I, residents of means moved to northern Indianapolis. The neighborhood decayed until the restoration efforts of the 1960s and 1970s began. The newly founded Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana helped to restore the area, basing their renovations on the preservation techniques practiced at the German Village of Columbus, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>In 2021, the Indianapolis Propylaeum recorded an hour-long videographic history of the area, which includes many before and after photographs depicting the transformation of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Among the notable buildings in the district are:</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>A walking tour designed by Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana and the Lockerbie Square People&#39;s Club takes visitors past twenty-five historic residences and five newer ones that, like the North Vermont Street Home, were designed to complement the existing structures.</p><br>
<p>San Francisco Plantation House is a historic plantation house in Reserve, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana. Built in 1853–1856, it is one of the most architecturally distinctive plantation houses in the American South. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It is now a museum and event facility.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The San Francisco Plantation House is located on the north bank of the Mississippi River, separated from the river by Louisiana Highway 44 and a levee. The house stands on about 8 acre of land, now surrounded by a farm of oil tanks. It is a -story structure, set on a full-height basement. The basement has a brick floor, reportedly 6 ft deep, with brick piers rising to support the main structure. Side-facing divided staircases lead to the main floor, which is sheltered on three sides by an ornate porch, supported by fluted columns with iron Corinthian capitals. It has deeply overhanging decorative cornice, which in profile gives the house a styling called "Steamboat Gothic". The house is topped by a dormered hip roof. The interior is also richly decorated, with paintings attributed to New Orleans artist Dominique Canova on ceiling and door panels.</p><br>
<p>The house is traditionally ascribed a construction date of 1853–1856, and may include elements of an older building. It was built for Edmond Marmillion.</p><br>
<p>The unusual name “San Francisco” is believed to be derived from Edmonds oldest surviving son, Valsins comment about the extraordinary debt he was confronted with when taking over the estate. He declared he was sans fruscins or “without a penny in my pocket.” The name evolved into St. Frusquin and, in 1879, was changed into “San Francisco” by the next owner, Achille D. Bougère.</p><br>
<p>The house has been restored to an 1850s appearance and is open for tours. The on-grounds pavilion is also rented for special occasions.</p><br>
<p>Closed in 2022</p><br>
<p>Pierre&#39;s Hole is a shallow valley in the western United States in eastern Idaho, just west of the Teton Range in Wyoming. At an elevation over 6,000 ft above sea level, it collects the headwaters of the Teton River, and was a strategic center of the fur trade of the northern Rocky Mountains. The nearby Jackson&#39;s Hole area in Wyoming is on the opposite side of the Tetons.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Idaho valley in Teton County is known as Teton Basin or Teton Valley. In 1984, it was designated a historic place as the site of the infamous events in the Battle of Pierre&#39;s Hole (below), following the well-attended Rendezvous in July 1832.</p><br>
<h2>Historical overview</h2><br>
<p>Explorer and mountain man John Colter, a member of the earlier Lewis and Clark Expedition, asserted that he passed through the valley in 1808. The Teton River flows northward through the mountain meadows of Pierres Hole and then conjoins Bitch Creek (once known as the North Fork of the Teton) just before it turns west and into Teton Canyon. To mountain men, a large low-lying valley, such as this, with abundant beaver and game was called a "hole". Mountain men preferred these areas of numerous beaver rich streams as they provided ample food and comfortable camping in addition to beaver pelts. Pierres Hole was named in honor of "le grand Pierre" Tivanitagon, a Hudson&#39;s Bay Company trader said to be of Iroquois descent, who was killed in a battle with Blackfoot Indians in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Pierre&#39;s Hole was the site of the huge Rendezvous of 1832. Hundreds of mountain men, trappers, Indians and fur company traders met to sell furs or trade for supplies. At the end of the 1832 rendezvous, an intense battle ensued between a group of Gros Ventre and the party of American trappers aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies.</p><br>
<p>After the fur trade subsided in the 1840s, Teton Basin returned to a quiet summer hunting valley for Native Americans. An Englishman named Richard "Beaver Dick" Leigh came to the Teton region sometime around 1860, and frequently trapped and hunted in Teton Basin and wintered on the lower Teton River near its confluence with the Henry&#39;s Fork of the Snake some miles below the basin. Beaver Dick guided F. V. Hayden and his geological survey through the Teton and Yellowstone region in 1872. He guided the Stevenson party in exploration of Teton Basin and the first ascent of the Grand Teton and guided the entire Hayden Expedition in Yellowstone and in Jackson Hole. In honor of his service, Leigh Lake in Grand Teton National Park is named after Richard Leigh and Jenny Lake is named after his Indian wife. Teton Basin, was later settled by Mormon farmers, who used the fertile but elevated valley to graze cattle and raise hay and other feed.</p><br>
<h2>Rendezvous at Pierre&#39;s Hole</h2><br>
<p>The 1832 rendezvous at Pierres Hole, or Rendezvous of 1832 was one of the largest rendezvous held in the Rocky Mountains. The meeting was held at the west foot of the Three Tetons in Teton County, Idaho. The basin was accessed from a trail that reached the Snake River from Green River. The trail then branched off towards Pierres Hole through a gap between the Big Hole Mountains and the Palisades range.</p><br>
<p>Indian and mountain man camps extended from Teton Creek on the south end of present-day Driggs, north along the west side of the Teton Mountains to Tetonia. The camps covered an area of seven square miles, or more. It is estimated there were four hundred mountain men, one hundred and eight lodges of Nez Perce, eighty lodges of Flatheads, and over three thousand horses.</p><br>
<h3>Purpose of a rendezvous</h3><br>
<p>A mountain man rendezvous was a yearly event held in the summer for American fur trappers to gather together, sell their furs, and resupply themselves for another season of trapping. Representatives of eastern fur-trading companies would arrive with pack mules loaded with trade goods to meet the needs of the trappers for the upcoming year. If trappers were employed by a particular company, they turned their furs, mainly beaver, over to the company representative and received their pay, less the amount used to cover what they would need for another trapping season. Profits could purchase additional goods, including whiskey, tobacco, and other luxury items. Free trappers, i.e. men not contracted with a company, could negotiate a purchase price for their accumulated furs.</p><br>
<p>In general, trappers and merchants settled into a protected valley for two to three weeks. The larger group provided protection from hostile Indians and support during harsh weather. Small hunting groups traveled outward from the valley to obtain meat. The rendezvous would generally include recreation and entertainment, including contests, games and gambling. Most participants had a good time, swapping tall tales and drinking.</p><br>
<h3>Trappers in attendance</h3><br>
<p>The 1832 rendezvous was well-attended by trappers affiliated with fur companies, independents, and a large number of allied Indians involved in the fur trade, primarily Flathead and Nez Perce. The Rocky Mountain Fur Company had between one hundred and two hundred men, many led by William L. Sublette, gather at the basin. Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea ("Pomp or Pompey"), was also in attendance on behalf of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company and participated in the Battle described below. Sublette and his caravan arrived on July 8. Men from the rival American Fur Company, under the leadership of W. H. Vanderburgh and Andrew Drips, also attended. Other small groups of trappers trickled in to Pierre&#39;s Hole, including Jim Bridger, known for his tall tales. Many of these companies were from the Colorado Rocky Mountain area.</p><br>
<p>Other well-known mountain men at the summer meeting included Joe Meek, a veteran of 22 years, and his friend Milton Sublette, brother of William. Thomas Fitzpatrick, known as "Old Broken Hand", had been in the basin earlier in the year, but had backtracked to meet William Sublette. Events turned sour for Fitzpatrick during his return when he met a party of Blackfeet. Presumed dead by his fellows, the injured Fitzpatrick managed to escape captivity and, with the aid of Iroquois "breed" trapper Antoine Godin and some Flathead allies, return to the rendezvous before the pack trains headed back toward the east.</p><br>
<p>Two men new to the mountains, Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth of Cambridge, Massachusetts and explorer Captain Benjamin Bonneville (Irving, Chapter VI) made their first appearance at rendezvous that year. Wyeth led a party of Eastern tenderfeet on their way to Oregon to trade in furs and salmon. Bonneville left a description of the rendezvous:</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Pierre&#39;s Hole</h2><br>
<p>The Pierres Hole 1832 Battle Area Site in Teton County, Idaho near Driggs, Idaho was the site of the Battle of Pierres Hole in 1832. A 400 acre area at the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>About July 17, the 1832 rendezvous began to break up and fur trappers gradually began to separate into smaller groups. Henry Fraeb and Milton Sublette, with a group of some 100 trappers, planned to head for an area north of the Salt Lake desert. Wyeth and his group of ten or eleven men from New England also set out. These and several other groups briefly traveled together for safety from the Blackfeet.</p><br>
<p>While in their first nights camp, 8 mi south of Pierres Hole, the combined party was approached by a large migratory group of Gros Ventres – men, women and children with pack animals, traveling from one camping site to another. A chief in the group came forward, apparently in greeting. Antoine Godin and a Flathead Indian "breed" (i.e. a half-breed) companion, sometimes identified as Baptiste Dorian, rode forward, appearing to greet the chief. As the three met, Godin shouted for the Flathead to shoot, which he did, and grabbed the chiefs red blanket. The chief fell dead and Godin and the Flathead quickly retreated to the trappers camp. Some accounts state that Godin paused to take the man&#39;s scalp.</p><br>
<p>The murder provoked an intense battle between the Gros Ventres, with an estimated 250 warriors, and the party of American trappers aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies. The badly outnumbered mountain men sent riders to the rendezvous site for aid and prepared the camp for attack. The Gros Ventres took shelter in a swampy thicket of willows and cottonwoods. The Indian women collected fallen trees, throwing them together in a crude fortress.</p><br>
<p>Aid from the rendezvous camp, under the leadership of William Sublette, including additional Nez Perce and Flatheads, rushed to the scene of the impending battle. In one of five known eye witness accounts, Robert Campbell reported that the newly-arrived William Sublette (the founder of Fort William as one resultant career change because of this battle) made a speech to rouse the men, and he and some 20 trappers, including the experienced Campbell, rushed towards the Indian stronghold in the willows. Milton Sublette took another group and led them against the rear of the ad hoc fort the Gros Ventres had erected. The Flathead and Nez Perce closed on the flanks. Other trappers, including Wyeth and his party, held back and did not participate in the attack. During this initial foray, Milton Sublette was struck by a bullet, which later led to his leg&#39;s amputation and, subsequently, his death. The attackers then backed off for a time before renewing hostilities.</p><br>
<p>The battle raged all day with little gain on either side. As night fell, someone within the Gros Ventres barricade shouted that they had reinforcements, "many Blackfeet", coming. The trappers somehow understood that Gros Ventres reinforcements were attacking the rendezvous camp ground and goods back at Pierres Hole, and quickly mounted their horses and raced to Pierres Hole to save their fellow trappers and wealth. However, no hostile Indians had attacked the remnant of the rendezvous. The following morning, returning trappers found the Gros Ventres fortifications abandoned. Thirty horses found nearby included some that had been previously stolen from Sublette&#39;s supply train and two that had been taken from Thomas Fitzpatrick during his earlier escape from the Blackfeet.</p><br>
<p>In the brief but bloody battle at least 26 Gros Ventres were killed, including some women and children, and perhaps a dozen traders and Flatheads. Due to a bullet wound and a broken shoulder, William Sublette returned to the eastern US under the care of Robert Campbell. The party arrived in St. Louis on October 3, 1832.</p><br>
<p>After he recovered, he returned to the east slope of the Rockies to found the trading post and fort sitting aside the gateway to South Pass and the Oregon Country on what was (in 1832 already) being called the Oregon Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Pontalba Buildings form two sides of Jackson Square in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. They are matching red-brick, one-block-long, four‑story buildings built between 1849–1851 by the Baroness Micaela Almonester Pontalba. The ground floors house shops and restaurants; and the upper floors are apartments which, reputedly, are the oldest continuously rented such apartments in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Baroness Pontalba, an accomplished businesswoman, invested in real estate, purchasing the land on the upriver and downriver sides of the Place dArmes. She constructed two Parisian-style row house buildings between 1849–1851, at a cost of over $300,000. The buildings include the first recorded instance in the city of the use of cast iron galleries, which set a fashion that soon became the most prominent feature of the citys residential architecture. The cast-iron panels in the first floor balustrade feature her initials, AP, intertwined in the design.</p><br>
<p>The building fronting Rue St. Peter, upriver from Jackson Square, is the upper Pontalba. The building on the other side, fronting Rue St. Ann, is the lower Pontalba Building.</p><br>
<p>Baroness Pontalba died in France in 1874, and the Pontalba family retained ownership of the buildings until the 1920s; but they did not take an interest in the townhouses, so they fell into disrepair. The heirs sold the lower building to local philanthropist William Ratcliffe Irby, who in turn bequeathed the property to the Louisiana State Museum. Local civic leaders acquired the upper building, which they sold to a foundation in 1930, the Pontalba Building Museum Association. The foundation turned the upper building over to the City of New Orleans, which has owned it since the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>According to Christina Vella, historian of modern Europe, the Pontalba Buildings were not the first apartment buildings in the present-day USA, as is commonly believed. They were originally built as row houses, not rental apartments. The row houses were turned into apartments during the 1930s renovations (during the Great Depression).</p><br>
<p>In the short story "Hidden Gardens," Truman Capote describes them as "the oldest, in some ways most somberly elegant, apartment houses in America, the Pontalba Buildings."</p><br>
<p>They were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for their early and distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Assumption Church is a National Historic Landmark church at Constance and Josephine Streets in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The church was completed in 1860, built for the swelling German Catholic immigrant population in the Lower Garden District section of the city . Both churches are extremely beautiful and ornate.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Marys Assumption is home to a shrine and museum for Blessed Francis Xavier Seelos, a German priest who came to the United States to minister to German-speaking immigrants. Fr. Seelos died while serving as the pastor at St. Marys Assumption: after visiting and caring for the victims of yellow fever, he succumbed to the disease himself in 1867. In recognition of his virtuous life, Fr. Seelos was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 2000.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974, significant as a rare and elaborate example German Baroque Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the church was heavily damaged by Hurricane Betsy, which resulted in the church being temporarily closed, and almost resulted in the church being demolished. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused heavy rain and wind damage, and water infiltration damaged interior plaster and ceiling, according to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Best-selling novelist Anne Rice had her marriage convalidated at St. Marys Assumption with her husband Stan. In addition, Anne Rice included the church in her fictional work. For example, in The Witching Hour, two of the main characters, Rowan and Michael, were married at St. Marys Assumption. Also, in Blackwood Farm, the church is the setting of Aunt Queens funeral. In 2005, Rice added text and pictures on her website that encouraged donations to St. Marys Assumption to help repair the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina.</p><br>
<p>The church has two pipe organs. The grand organ in the 2nd balcony was constructed in 1861 by the firm of Simmons & Willcox of Boston. It was rebuilt with new tubular pneumatic chests in 1900 by William Schuelke. It was partially electrified ca. 1920. The choir organ was constructed by Pels & VanLeeuwen of Alkmaar, The Netherlands, in 1971 for the chapel of First Presbyterian Church of Royal Oak, MI, as that firms Op. 775. It was relocated to St. Marys Assumption Church in 2015 by Redman Organ Co. of Fort Worth, TX, with the assistance of Renaissance Pipe Organ Co. of Ann Arbor, MI.</p><br>
<p>The Shreveport Waterworks Pumping Station, also known as the McNeil Street Pump Station, is a historic water pumping station at 142 North Common Street in Shreveport, Louisiana. Now hosting the Shreveport Water Works Museum, it exhibits in situ a centurys worth of water pumping equipment, and was the nations last steam-powered waterworks facility when it was shut down in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982, and designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Shreveport Water Works Museum is located west of Shreveports downtown, between North Common Avenue and Twelve Mile Bayou, which feeds into the Red River just north of downtown. The complex consists of a group of predominantly brick buildings, which house in them a variety of pumping equipment, dating from 1892 to about 1921. The oldest buildings date to 1887, when the city contracted for the construction of a waterworks facility to replace a combination of cisterns and wells that had become inadequate to meet the citys needs. As the technology for pumping and filtering water changed, either the existing buildings were altered, or new ones built, in many cases leaving some of the older equipment in place. It saw significant changes to the plant in the first decade of the 20th century, and again after the city purchased the plant from its private operator in 1917. The city continued to operate the steam pumps through the 1970s, even as they were becoming obsolete due to advances in electric pumping engines.</p><br>
<p>The station was closed in 1980. The property was afterward converted to a museum, featuring displays of the restored steam machinery, including pumps, filters and other equipment.</p><br>
<p>The Shreveport Railroad Museum is located on the grounds of the Shreveport Water Works Museum. Both museums are open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Ursuline Convent  was a series of historic Ursuline convents in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. In 1727, at the request of Governor Étienne Perier, nuns from the Ursuline Convent of Rouen  went to New Orleans to found a convent, run a hospital, and take care of educating young girls.</p><br>
<h2>First building</h2><br>
<p>The first building for the Ursuline nuns in New Orleans was designed by Ignace François Broutin in 1727 when the nuns arrived in New Orleans, at the request of Governor Étienne Perier. Michael Zeringue (Johann Michael Zehringer), the King&#39;s Master Carpenter from Franconia, Bavaria and progenitor of all "Zeringue" families in Louisiana was the builder. Planning, collecting material, and construction took years. Existing drawings show the building in 1733, although it was not officially finished until the following year.</p><br>
<p>Colombage (half-timbered) or briquette-entre-poteaux (brick-between-post) was the major form of French Colonial construction in the colony during the 18th century (see also Pitot House). Usually the exterior walls were then given a protective covering of stucco or wooden boards; but the fact that the timbered walls of the Ursuline Convent were left exposed is confirmed by a drawing from 1737. Such construction proved to be inappropriate for the humid climate of New Orleans (with significant deterioration already apparent by 1745), in addition to being a fire hazard.</p><br>
<h2>Second building</h2><br>
<p>In 1745, plans for a new building of brick and protected colombage were prepared by Broutin. The contractor was Claude Joseph Villars Dubreuil, Contractor of Public Works for the King. His wife, Marie Payen de Noyan, was Bienvilles niece. This new convent was completed by 1753. It is likely that Alexandre de Batz also took part in the design because several payments are listed to him for work on the new building. The second convent was laid out adjacent to the site of its predecessor, whose materials were partly recycled. In its original configuration, the buildings front façade was that facing the Mississippi River; the Chartres Street entrance was located at the back of the building.</p><br>
<p>Built of stucco-covered brick, the present-day Old Ursuline Convent is typical for the French neoclassical architecture. It is a formal, symmetrical building, severely designed in its lack of ornamentation. No applied orders of pilasters or columns relieved the plain walls. Only the slightly arched window set in shallow moldings, the rusticated quoins at the corners and narrow central pedimented pavilion break the even rhythm of the fenestration. The broad plain hipped roof, broken only by small low-set dormers contrasts well with the multi-windowed façade and completes the austere but not unpleasant, finely proportioned building.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor was used largely for the dormitory, classrooms, refectory, and infirmary of the orphanage, maintained by the nuns. The second floor contained cells for the nuns, a library, (another) infirmary, and storerooms. Believed to have been salvaged from the original 1730s convent, a winding cypress staircase with cast iron handrail occupies part of the ground floor entry hall.</p><br>
<h3>Details</h3><br>
<p>"This is the finest surviving example of French colonial public architecture in the country", states the National Park Service. The convent and its associated school, Ursuline Academy, moved downriver to a site on Dauphine Street in the 9th Ward in 1824, turning over the original convent to the bishop of New Orleans, Louis William Valentine DuBourg. It was referred to as the "Archbishops Palace" following New Orleanss elevation to an archdiocese. In 1912, the convent moved uptown to State Street.</p><br>
<h3>Later additions</h3><br>
<p>The entrance portico was added after the bishop had taken residence. The construction of a gatehouse around 1825–1830 reoriented the building by repositioning the main entrance from the river side to Chartres Street. The Ursuline property covered two city squares, extending to Royal Street. An old ground plan shows a chapel at the corner of Ursulines and Decatur Streets, dedicated to Our Lady of Victory. Near the entrance to the grounds, along the levee, were also a reception house for visitors, the day school, and a residence for the chaplain. Between these buildings and the convent were gardens. To the right, moving up from the riverside entrance, were the hospital buildings, and beyond them military barracks.</p><br>
<p>Despite great interior alterations and decay, the Convent is considered one of the most important historical and religious landmarks in the United States and is one of the few remaining physical links with the French colonial period in Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Melrose Plantation, also known as Yucca Plantation, is a National Historic Landmark located in the unincorporated community of Melrose in Natchitoches Parish in north central Louisiana. This is one of the largest plantations in the United States built by and for free people of color. The land was granted to Louis Metoyer, who had the "Big House" built beginning about 1832. He was a son of Marie Thérèse Coincoin, a former slave who became a wealthy businesswoman in the area, and Claude Thomas Pierre Métoyer. The house was completed in 1833 after Louis&#39; death by his son Jean Baptiste Louis Metoyer. The Metoyers were free people of color for four generations before the American Civil War. The Métoyer family was derived from Marie  but they were also one of the largest plantations and owned slaves themselves.</p><br>
<p>The Association for Preservation of Historic Natchitoches owns the plantation and provides guided tours. Some early twentieth-century traditions associated with the plantation, such as its first owner and origins of architectural style, have been disproved by historic research since the 1970s. An archaeological excavation begun in 2001 has revealed more evidence about the early history of the site, its owners and construction. In 2008, the state included Melrose Plantation among the first 26 sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1974, the National Park Service described the site as follows, based on historical knowledge at the time:</p><br>
<p>Established in the late 18th century by Marie Therese Coincoin, a former slave who became a wealthy businesswoman, the grounds of Yucca Plantation (now known as Melrose Plantation) contain what may well be the oldest buildings of African design built by Blacks, for the use of Blacks, in the country. The Africa House, a unique, nearly square structure with an umbrella-like roof which extends some 10 feet beyond the exterior walls on all four sides, may be of direct African derivation.</p><br>
<p>Buildings include the main house, the Yucca House, the Ghana House, and the Africa House, plus some outbuildings. The plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, additional documentary evidence has been found that disproves the asserted identity of the founder. In addition, no evidence has been found to support the tradition that the property was originally named Yucca Plantation. Early twentieth-century owners named the extant buildings as part of promoting the plantation as a cultural center. A 2002 study of Creole building practices showed that there was no evidence of African traditions in the architecture. The so-called Ghana House is a simple log cabin type common in the area. Similarly, Africa House has been shown to be of design and building techniques similar to French rural structures of the time.</p><br>
<p>Historical investigations from the 1970s, together with an archaeological investigation that began at Melrose Plantation in 2001, have uncovered evidence that both confirm some aspects and challenge other elements of local tradition about the complex. Research shows conclusively, through original contemporary records, that the core tract of 911 acres was granted in 1796 to Coincoin&#39;s second son, Louis Metoyer, not to Coincoin.</p><br>
<p>As the children of a French-American father and African mother, Louis and his siblings were considered multiracial "Créoles of color." Similar to the Metoyer siblings, many multiracial Creoles became educated property owners, particularly in New Orleans, Opelousas, and the Cane River and Campti areas of Natchitoches. Although not legally freed by his white father until 1802, Metoyer evaded Louisianas Code Noir that prohibited enslaved men from being granted land. This was probably due to his fathers wealth and standing.</p><br>
<p>Contrary to the 1970s-era assessment of the property, which dated the construction of Louis Metoyers first residence (Yucca House) to the mid-1790s, review of three land surveys of 1813 show that Louis Metoyers residence was then south of the Red River (and south of the center of the Melrose complex). It was at the eastern edge of the plantation settled by his elder brother Augustin Metoyer. The archeology study of European ceramic ware at the Yucca House site south of the river suggests it was first occupied after 1810. Augustin Metoyer and his brother Louis were notable for founding and building the St. Augustine Parish (Isle Brevelle) Church in Natchez, Louisiana, the first in the state built by free people of color.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is significant for its long occupancy by the Metoyer family, which was prominent in Isle Brevelle, a strong center of the "Creoles of color" community. Construction began on the "Big House" at Melrose before the 11 March 1832 death of Louis Metoyer. His son Jean Baptiste Louis Metoyer completed the construction in 1833. At J. B. L.&#39;s death in 1838, his $112,761 estate (roughly $2,600,000 in 2007 purchasing power ) was divided between his young widow Marie-Susanne "Susette" Metoyer and a minor son, neither with any experience in financial matters. Amid the financial depression that followed the Panic of 1837, the mother and son fell heavily into debt. After the mother emancipated the teenaged Théophile Louis Metoyer from the disabilities of minority, creditors filed a series of lawsuits. The Louis Metoyer Plantation went on the auction block.</p><br>
<p>On 22 March 1847, the Louis Metoyer plantation was struck off at $8,340 (~$ in ) to the highest bidder, the French Créole brothers Hypolite Hertzog and Henry Hertzog—with the latter acting as agent for his sister Jeanne Fanny (Widow Dassize) Bossier. The Hertzogs and Bossier then operated a cotton plantation, in partnership, until 1880. Like most planters of the region in the wake of the American Civil War and Reconstruction, they struggled financially and were able to do little to improve or maintain the property. (The debtors who sued them included the widow of J. B. L. Metoyer.)</p><br>
<p>In December 1881, the Metoyer-Hertzog-Bossier Plantation (still unnamed at this point) was sold at auction to satisfy an 1879 judgment rendered against Hertzog-Bossier in Louisiana&#39;s Fifth District Circuit. The purchaser, F. R. Cauranneau of New Orleans, held the land and houses as an absentee owner until April 1884, when he found a buyer willing to pay $4,500 (~$ in ) cash. The new owner, an Irish immigrant merchant named Joseph Henry, had married into a prominent local family. He gave the property the name Melrose, by which it is still known.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of glass and nails from the site confirms three major periods of occupancy of Yucca House, c. 1807–1821, c. 1874-1888 (renovation likely after the 1884 purchase by Joseph Henry), and c. 1916-1930 (renovation by Henry&#39;s son John and his wife Carmelite "Miss Cammie" Henry). Assessment of remains of European ceramic ware indicates initial occupancy of Yucca House was post-1810, contrary to the 1796 date that historians earlier had proposed.</p><br>
<p>Real estate broker Robert Andrew Wolf, Jr. (1930–2016) of Alexandria, Louisiana, and his partner, John Wasson designed the current Melrose Plantation structure. They sold the building in 1970. Wolf was a past president of the Alexandria-Pineville Board of Realtors and in 1984 was named "Realtor of the Year".</p><br>
<p>Because of its strong association with the Metoyer family, Melrose Plantation is the major regional site for National Park Service interpretation of the history of Creoles of color in the region. In 2008, the state included Melrose Plantation among the first twenty-six sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>Artists cabin at Melrose Plantation IMG 3464.JPGArtists cabin</p><br>
<p>Slave dwelling at Melrose Plantation IMG 3450.JPGAfrica House</p><br>
<p>Wine cellar & greenhouse at Melrose Plantation IMG 3466.JPGClementine Hunter House</p><br>
<p>Yucca historic landmark IMG 3461.JPGYucca Plantation National Historic Landmark (1974)</p><br>
<p>Nearby Cane River Lake at Melrose IMG 3467.JPGNearby Cane River Lake</p><br>
<p>Melrose Plantation (1833) IMG 3451.JPGMelrose Plantation cornerstone date 1833</p><br>
<p>Tour guide in Melrose library IMG 3454.JPGTour guide points to a rare book in the plantation library</p><br>
<p>Fireplace at Melrose Plantation IMG 3457.JPGFireplace</p><br>
<p>Cammie Henry bedroom at Melrose IMG 3460.JPGCammie Henry&#39;s bedroom</p><br>
<p>The Edward Douglass White House, also known as Edward Douglass White Louisiana State Commemorative Area, is a state historic site near Thibodaux, Louisiana. The house was home to both Edward Douglass White, Sr., the tenth governor of the state of Louisiana, and his son, Edward Douglass White, a USA senator and a Chief Justice of the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with the latter White, who was in the 7-1 majority ruling on Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 USA 537 , a landmark decision of the USA Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities in a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built from hand-hewn cypress as a Creole-style raised cottage. The house was built on the banks of Bayou Lafourche facing what is now Louisiana Highway 1. E.D. White, Sr. purchased the property in 1829 from Guillaume Arcement, and around 1834 began remodeling the house to reflect the prevalent Greek revival style of architecture. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main floor includes a central hallway dividing four rooms, reflecting the typical symmetry of Greek Revival architecture. An inverted stairwell at the end of the hall leads to two bedrooms on the second floor. The high ceilings, wide front gallery, and raised brick cellar served to cool the house during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house is owned by the Louisiana State Museum and is operated as a historic house museum known as the E. D. White Historic Site. An exhibit inside the home demonstrates the history of the Bayou Lafourche area, with features on the Chitimacha Indians, Acadian settlers, slavery, sugar cane plantations, and the White family.</p><br>
<p>The Cobb Building  is an American historic commercial building located at 203 East Cherokee Street in downtown Wagoner, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The structure was completed in 1895, by Samuel S. Cobb to be used for his drug store. It is Wagoner&#39;s first brick business building; it was restored and now used by the American Bank.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Toqua  was a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, located in the Southeastern Woodlands. Toqua was the site of a substantial ancestral town that thrived during the Mississippian period . Toqua had a large earthwork 25 ft platform mound built by the towns Mississippian-era inhabitants, in addition to a second, smaller mound. The sites Mississippian occupation may have been recorded by the Spanish as the village of Tali, which was documented in 1540 by the Hernando de Soto expedition. It was later known as the Overhill Cherokee town Toqua, and this name was applied to the archeological site.</p><br>
<p>In 1967 an archeological survey was conducted at this site prior to completion of the Tellico Dam, as that project would result in Toqua&#39;s inundation by Tellico Lake. The Toqua site was important as one of the last remaining Dallas-phase platform mound sites in the valley. In 1978 the archeological site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1979 the Toqua site was submerged after the Little Tennessee River was dammed. The lake is managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The shoreline above the Toqua site is now a recreational area managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Little Tennessee River, which flows westward from its source in the Appalachian Mountains, traverses northern Monroe County for roughly 40 mi before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. Tellico Lake, created in 1979 by the construction of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee, covers the lower 33 mi of the river and the lower 22 mi of the Tellico River. The Toqua site was situated along the south bank of the Little Tennessee at its confluence with Toqua Creek, approximately 22 mi above the mouth of the river.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline above the now-submerged Toqua site comprises the Toqua Day Use Area Beach and Boat Ramp. It is situated along Tennessee State Route 360 approximately 2 mi south of the road&#39;s junction with USA Route 411 at Vonore. The site can be easily be observed from both the road and the boat ramp.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Protohistory</h3><br>
<p>The Hernando de Soto expedition (1539–1543) most likely passed through the upper Tennessee Valley en route to the Coosa chiefdom in northern Georgia. The expedition, seeking a passage to the Pacific Ocean, had landed at Florida in May 1539 and marched northward through territory in what are now jurisdictions of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina before crossing the Blue Ridge Mountains via the Nolichucky River into the Tennessee Valley.</p><br>
<p>After spending several weeks at Chiaha (near modern Douglas Dam), the expedition followed the French Broad River and Tennessee River to the village of Coste, which was on Bussell Island at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River. On July 9, 1540, the expedition left Coste and followed the east bank of the Little Tennessee to the village of Tali, situated on the west bank of the river at what is now known as the Toqua site. The expedition&#39;s chroniclers noted that the river at this point was too deep to ford. The sight of the Spaniards created a general panic in Tali, and the villagers attempted to flee downstream in canoes. De Soto apparently deployed his soldiers and forced the villagers to return. The chief of Tali gave the expedition four women and two porters, and de Soto departed with his forces southward the following day. The chief of Tali continued to send rations of sofkee (a gruel similar to hominy grits) and other food until the expedition reached Coosa chiefdom on July 16.</p><br>
<h3>Cherokee period</h3><br>
<p>The name "Toqua" comes from the Cherokee word Dakwa&#39;yi, meaning "fish place." The name was rooted in a Cherokee legend regarding the Dakwa, or "Great Fish," that lived at the mouth of Toqua Creek.</p><br>
<p>The term Toqua first appears in the historical record in 1751, when it was listed as the base of an English colonial trader named Anthony Dean. In 1756, Toqua sent 30 warriors to aide the British during the French and Indian War, as the front in North America was known. Willanawaw, who was chief of Toqua at the time, had previously been listed as a chief of nearby Tanasi. Henry Timberlake, whose peace mission visited the Overhill towns in 1761, noted that Willanawaw was still the headman at Toqua. He reported that the town was composed of 32 houses and a councilhouse, the latter built as typical on top of the town&#39;s platform mound.</p><br>
<p>The town of Toqua began to decline as Euro-American settlers pushed westward, encroaching on this area. The Overhill towns were repeatedly attacked during the American Revolution and the Cherokee–American wars (1776–1794). Toqua was destroyed by John Sevier in 1788.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1790s, the Duke of Orleans (and future king of France) Louis-Philippe visited the Tellico Blockhouse as part of extensive travels undertaken while he was in exile. Louis-Philippe reported a councilhouse surrounded by 8 to 10 houses at a site some 3 mi south of the blockhouse, at what would have been the approximate location of Toqua. He gave a detailed description of the councilhouse&#39;s shape and composition.</p><br>
<p>Toqua still had a small population when the Cherokee sold their lands along the Little Tennessee to the USA government in 1819, under the terms of the Calhoun Treaty. Shortly after the treaty, an early settler named John McGhee purchased several thousand acres along the Little Tennessee, including the Toqua site. McGhee&#39;s descendants, along with many other families, still owned properties in the mid-20th century, when the Tennessee Valley Authority began buying the land in the 1960s in order to construct a dam and Tellico Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>John W. Emmert, working for the Smithsonian&#39;s Bureau of Ethnology, conducted the first archaeological survey of the Toqua area in 1884. In the 1930s, a treasure hunter named George Barnes uncovered hundreds of human bones&mdash; most of which he discarded&mdash; while digging for artifacts at the Toqua site.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, in anticipation of the flooding of the site by the construction of Tellico Dam, the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology began an initial archeological survey of the area to locate sites for further research. Toqua was chosen for excavation as the valleys last remaining Dallas-phase platform mound site. One of the main goals of the University of Tennessees Toqua investigation was to identify the connection, if any, between the Little Tennessee Valley&#39;s Mississippian-period inhabitants and its later historic Cherokee inhabitants. Other goals included establishing a more defined period of Cherokee occupation and to search for evidence of pre-Mississippian occupation.</p><br>
<h3>Mississippian period</h3><br>
<p>Excavations at Toqua in the 1970s uncovered evidence typical of a Mississippian-period village. The village consisted of a central, level, pebble-covered plaza, flanked by a large "platform" mound (known as "Mound A") and 57 dwellings. A smaller mound, known as "Mound B," was located in the southeastern corner of the village. At its height around 1400, the village covered 4.8 acre, although its size was later drastically reduced. The village was surrounded by a clay-covered palisade with bastions located at 60 ft intervals. Along with revealing the village&#39;s layout, the excavation uncovered 477 confirmed human burials, 212 whole or partial ceramic vessels, and several thousand stone artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippian structures identified and investigated at the Toqua site included the two mounds and several dwellings. The construction of Mound A occurred in 16 phases and probably began in the 10th century of the Common Era (CE). The mound was approximately 25 ft high and 154 ft in diameter, and topped by two structures, the largest of which measured 100 ft x 83 ft and contained a central hearth and benches. Excavations at the mound discovered a chert sword, a pot filled with marsh elder seeds, and two high-status female burials. Mound B was 6 ft high and 93 ft in diameter and contained numerous cremated human remains. A typical Mississippian-period dwelling at the Toqua site consisted of 400 ft&sup2; of living space, a central hearth, storage areas, and interior partitions.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of the human remains uncovered at Toqua determined that the height of the average male was 56" and the height of the average female was 51". Life expectancy was 17.1 years for males and 15.1 years for females. Many of the remains showed signs of widespread iron deficiency, possibly because of a diet relying too much upon corn and consisting of little meat. At its height, the village probably had a population of between 250 and 300.</p><br>
<p>Toqua was likely the dominant village in the Little Tennessee Valley between 1250 and 1500CE. An increase in mass burials and the reduction of the village to nearly one-half its size in the 16th century indicate a possible decline at Toqua. The village was superseded by rising Dallas phase occupations at Tomotley (almost adjacent to Toqua) and Citico (several miles upstream).</p><br>
<h3>Conclusions</h3><br>
<p>While excavators were able to establish a rough period of Cherokee occupation at Toqua by matching archaeological finds with historical data, the projects main goal&mdash; identifying the relationship between Toquas pre-Cherokee and Cherokee inhabitants&mdash; remained inconclusive. Investigators found no evidence of a "continued" occupation from the Mississippian period to the Overhill period. The link between the pre-Cherokee and Cherokee inhabitants of the Little Tennessee Valley remains an unresolved issue.</p><br>
<p>The Gatehouse on Deerhill Road is located on that street in the village of Cornwall on Hudson, New York, United States. It is a one-and-a-half-story stucco building in the Norman style with a tiled roof and three-story tower, with balcony. The east facade has an entrance pavilion.</p><br>
<p>It was originally intended to be part of an estate with a large mansion, but that was never built. Eventually a smaller home was built by the Pagenstecher family, when they purchased the property in the 1920s. That house was in turn demolished in 1966, and two nieces of the Pagenstechers took up residence in the gates. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as a rare example of a castellated gatehouse in the Hudson Highlands. Many of the Norman-style interior appointments remain.</p><br>
<p>Barton Academy is a historic Greek Revival school building located on Government Street in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was under construction from 1836 to 1839 and was designed by architects James H. Dakin, Charles B. Dakin, and James Gallier, Sr. Gallier and the Dakin brothers also designed the nearby Government Street Presbyterian Church. Barton Academy was the first public school in the state of Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Barton Academy was named for Willoughby Barton, an Alabama state legislator from Mobile who introduced an act that created the Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County on January 10, 1826. This was the first education board in Alabama. The board bought all of the property in the block between Government, Cedar, Conti, and Lawrence Streets for $2750 in 1830.</p><br>
<p>Lack of funding stalled progress on the project until an act was passed in the state legislature that allowed the commissioners to raise funds through a lottery. By early 1836 the building committee had managed to pull together $50,000 in lottery funds, a $15,000 municipal loan, and additional private donations. This included a large private donation from local millionaire Henry Hitchcock, who was also on the building committee. Construction commenced on February 13, 1836, the same day as Government Street Presbyterian, with Charles Dakin as the supervising architect. Thomas James was hired as the mason, just as he was on the Government Street Presbyterian project.</p><br>
<p>The Barton building project proved to be more complex than the one on Government Street Presbyterian, with Dakin forced to spend much more of his time supervising the construction. Progress on the building was slow. Then, on March 9, 1837, the building committee determined that work done on the roof was incomplete or faulty, resulting in water damage to the interior plaster. The building was at least habitable by the summer of that year, however, and the building committee began holding their meetings upstairs. Interior paint was applied in September 1837, but the last of the finish work was not completed until January 1839.</p><br>
<p>Following completion, the Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County then allowed the building to be used for private and denominational schools, with some funding appropriated to them by the commissioners. An act in 1846 allowed for taxes to be collected for the establishment of a free Methodist school by the commission. The commission was behind another act on February 9, 1852, that would have allowed the commission to sell the building, which was now in need of maintenance and repairs, and distribute the proceeds among the existing schools, if approved by the voters. The electorate rejected this and subsequently elected a new board of commissioners.</p><br>
<p>After the election of the new board, the building was repaired and the system was reorganized. The building reopened as a public school in November 1852. The school was closed for the duration of the American Civil War. The Girls High School reopened in 1865, followed by the Boys High School in 1870. Both would continue at Barton until the opening of Murphy High School in 1926. The building was surveyed by the Historic American Buildings Survey several times from 1934 to 1937. It continued to serve as a school building until the 1960s when it was converted into the Central Office for the Mobile County Public School System. Barton was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 16 February 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Barton Academy is three floors in height and is primarily constructed of brick which has been stuccoed and scored to look like ashlar. A heavy ground floor supports the main floor and the slightly smaller third floor. The building can be visually divided into a central block with a two-story, pedimented, hexastyle Ionic portico, five bays wide, with wrought-iron balustrades. A low-pitched hipped roof over this block is topped by a domed cupola that is ringed by 28 Ionic columns. The dome is surmounted by a lantern, patterned after the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. To either side of the central block is a plain section, three bays wide. Adjoining these plain sections are east and west blocks, also three bays wide, with each bay defined by projecting pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Barton has had many unsympathetic additions over the years since construction, resulting in an interior that currently bears little resemblance to the original plan. That plan consisted of a central stair hall with flanking classrooms on all three levels. The original wooden windows have been replaced by metal ones. Only the interior of the rotunda under the dome remains in its original condition and configuration.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>The Alabama Historical Commission and the Alabama Trust for Historic Preservation named Barton Academy as one of their "Places in Peril" in 2005, citing the school board&#39;s planned relocation of its administrative center and the general neglect that the structure had already suffered. Places in Peril is a list of threatened historic sites in Alabama. The school board relocated its central office in 2007 and was initially working with preservation agencies in an effort to have the building restored.</p><br>
<p>The restoration effort stalled on January 28, 2009, when the school board delayed a decision on setting aside an additional $700,000 for the renovation of Barton. The board had already dedicated $2.3 million to the restoration effort, but two board members stated opposition to spending any of the money on the structure, citing needs elsewhere in the school system. Barton was re-listed in 2009 on Alabama&#39;s "Places in Peril." With $14 million in funding raised, restoration of the building began in June 2020. Barton Academy was officially reopened in August 2021.</p><br>
<p>The former Alexander Classical School, today Alexander Town Hall, is located on Buffalo Street in Alexander, New York, United States. It is a three-story cobblestone building erected in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>It has a number of distinctions among cobblestone buildings, many of which are located in the region of New York south of Lake Ontario where the cobblestones used were sourced. It is one of the few to reach three stories high, The upper floor serves as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>First home to a private school, it later became a public school building after the private school failed. When that ended, the building became the town hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, the southernmost listing in Genesee County and the only cobblestone building listed in the county.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on the north side of Buffalo Street, roughly a quarter-mile (500 m) east of where it forks south from USA Route 20, of which it was once part. Alexander Central School is just across the street; the other buildings in the area are residential. The land slopes down towards Tonawanda Creek to the east.</p><br>
<p>Tall mature trees along Buffalo Street provide shade. A narrow walk in the middle of the lawn goes the depth of the setback, equivalent to the distance to the rear wall of neighboring houses. In the rear, on Church Street, is a large parking lot for town officials and employees.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a three-story five-by-four-bay structure faced in cobblestones 4 – wide on the front set amid mortar. There are three rows of cobblestones per limestone quoin on the front and four per quoin on the end walls, where the stones are 2 – wide. The windowsills, lintels and water table are also of limestone.</p><br>
<p>Atop the building is a hip roof. A balustrade surrounds the cupola, with a rounded roof and overhanging cornice. At the northeast corner a single brick chimney pierces the roof. A fire escape is on the north wall near a one-story wood frame addition, and a concrete block garage projects from the west wall.</p><br>
<p>Stone steps rise to the original main entrance in the center of the south facade (the town uses the rear of the building as the main entrance, and gives its address as 3350 Church Street). The paneled front door is slightly recessed. It is flanked by round smooth Doric columns and sidelights. A transom above has been filled in with wood and the words "Town Hall" written on it.</p><br>
<p>The door opens onto a central hallway with large meeting rooms used by both town and village on either side. The second story is given over almost completely to another large meeting room and the third floor used as a museum. Some original finishings, such as plaster ceilings, high wooden wainscoting and deep window frames, remain from its early 20th century use as a public school.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1811 the first local library in the recently settled community of Alexander was established. since they believed the local children didn&#39;t receive a broad enough education in the public schools. The $7,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) cost was raised by subscription. A thousand of those dollars were contributed by State Senator Henry Hawkins, one of the leading businessmen of Alexander at the time.</p><br>
<p>Initially it was called the Alexander Classical School. In 1845, the mortgage was foreclosed. Hawkins donated it to the Genesee Presbyterian Church By the middle of the century the school reached its peak enrollment of 300 students, many boarders, drawn from 14 states.</p><br>
<p>Many were from the South, and their absence contributed to the schools closure during the Civil War. In the decades afterward, the school evolved from a private to a public institution, a transition aided by new state laws making education compulsory. In 1886 it became Alexanders Union Free School, with a three-year high school program. The interior was remodeled for the new purposes, but the exterior remained untouched A 1908 fire in the boiler room did slight damage to the first floor; another one broke out in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be the Union Free School until 1937, when voters in the area took advantage of another state law and consolidated the 18 small local districts in the area into what is now the Alexander Central School District. A newer, larger school was built across the road, and students and teachers moved there in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1940, the Town of Alexander moved its offices into the vacant building. The interior was converted at that time to its present layout to accommodate governmental functions. In 1949 the garage was added for the fire department.</p><br>
<p>In 1958 the museum was opened on the third floor. It had been started by students across the street in the History Diggers club who had been collecting artifacts from their grandparents. They ran out of space in their classroom and asked the Town Board for help. Its collection eventually grew to include a Jenny Lind Bed, the possession of a local man who once played for her on her 1850 American tour, and an ostrich egg donated by a local man who traveled extensively and wanted local children to be able to see things from outside the area.</p><br>
<p>Six years later, in 1964, the fire department moved out of the building into its own facility. Major renovations in the mid-1990s shored up the building&#39;s structural system and remodeled the entire interior. The grounds were restored to their original layout and appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Rapid City, South Dakota is an historic Gothic Revival sandstone Episcopal church located at 717 Quincy Street. In 1975, Emmanuel Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built during 1887–88. It is a one-story cross-gabled building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church is the only downtown Rapid City church still in its original building. A small group began holding services in Rapid City in 1887, under the leadership of George G. Ware, a lay reader who was later ordained and became the first rector. The cornerstone of the original sandstone church was laid November 10, 1887, and the first services were held in the new building in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The original church building was enlarged by an addition to the south in the early 1940s, which also incorporated a stone Parish Hall adjacent on the east. In 1954, a large, new Parish Hall with a stage, kitchen and basement classrooms was added and, in 1991, an addition for office space and additional classrooms was completed.</p><br>
<p>The longest-serving Rector was the Rev. Mr. E. Jerome Pipes, who served from 1934 until 1960. Perhaps the best-remembered event of his tenure was the attendance of President Franklin D. Roosevelt at a regular Sunday service in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Rectors have included the Rev. Dr. Hanford L. King, Jr. (later Bishop of Idaho), 1960–1972; the Rev. Mr. Hewes "Doc" Phillips, 1972–1977; the Rev. Mr. David Anderson, 1978–1987; The Rev. Mr. David A. Cameron, 1987–2006; interim rectors the Very Rev. Dr. Robert Wagner (2006) and the Rev. Canon David L. Seger (2006-2008); Rev. Richard Ressler, (2008–2013); the Rev. Chris Roussell (2013–2019); and the Rev. John David Barnes (2020–present).</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church is an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Canterbury Presbyterian Church is located along Clinton Street in downtown Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a white stone and brick building in the Federal style, with later additions in a Colonial Revival style consistent with the earlier structure. Since 1996 it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Services were last held in 2004 as the church merged into Cornwall Presbyterian Church, which had been founded by dissident members of Canterbury. The building has been used by several local nonprofit groups. In 2018 the Church which had been in need of structural repairs was acquired and converted in to a Dance Studio.</p><br>
<h2>Church and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The church follows a three-by-four-bay layout with distinctive Federal touches as symmetrical fenestration, fanlights and rectangular gable massing. It is one and a half storeys in height with the dominant bell tower, added later, reaching two stories. Two major additions have been built, both much later but consistent with the original style.</p><br>
<p>Much of the interior of the church is original. The floor plan has not been significantly altered, and the pews, furnishings, wainscoting and wall finishings are original.</p><br>
<p>A contributing resource to the listing is the original churchyard to the rear of the property. Fifty gravestones of past congregants have been identified, the earliest dating to the 1830s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Presbyterian congregation in the Cornwall area first met in 1824 under both the Canterbury name and the First Presbyterian Society in the village of Cornwall. The church was built two years later and then, in 1827, the 17 charter members, referring to themselves in their minutes as a "small and feeble band", formally organized as the First Presbyterian Church in Canterbury.</p><br>
<p>By 1829 the new church had more than tripled in size. In 1856 part of the congregation broke away to form the Cornwall Presbyterian Church when they disagreed with the prevailing abolitionist sentiment, and the strictness of Jonathan Silliman, the church&#39;s longtime pastor. Nine years later, in 1865, the remaining members raised funds to build the bell tower and new entrance vestibules. Further renovations came in 1891, when local contractor H. R. Taylor was hired to build a new chapel, named after The Rev. Jonathan Silliman, pastor from 1835–61. Electric lights were installed in the church sanctuary at that time.</p><br>
<p>Cornwall Presbyterian Church reunited with Canterbury in 1925, only to break away again in 1957 over other issues. Canterbury responded by adding onto the building again, with Hagen Hall, an addition to Silliman Chapel, in 1961. Its low gabled roof was modeled after the carriage shed it had replaced.</p><br>
<p>In the later years of the 20th century the church grew smaller and smaller, and began taking in tenants like the Arts Alliance, which brought films and dances to the building on weekends. These were well-attended, but ultimately it was not enough to save the church, and by 2003 it was down to 11 members. The walls were shaky enough to require temporary shoring up by steel struts.</p><br>
<p>On February 15, 2004, the last services were held, ending 178 years of church history. Members merged with Cornwall, which had become the dominant Presbyterian church in the town. Some of the artifacts from the church have been preserved and will be exhibited at the Cornwall Historical Society&#39;s museum at Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of the Commonwealth, also known as the Old Stone Bank, is a historic building on the National Register of Historic Places in Shepherdsville, Kentucky. According to its registration it was constructed around 1809 and operated by Abraham Field as Kentuckys first bank. Although Field, a local merchant, purchased the property in 1821, the rest of this history is in doubt, as is the buildings connection to the state-owned Bank of the Commonwealth.</p><br>
<p>Holy Fellowship Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church built in 1886 near Greenwood on the Yankton Indian Reservation in Charles Mix County, in the USA state of South Dakota. In 1975 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The missionary church was established following 1869 invitation of the Yankton Sioux.</p><br>
<p>It is one-story building with a cruciform plan. Most of its windows are topped by paired lancet arches.</p><br>
<p>The Gilmer County Courthouse was the courthouse for Gilmer County, Georgia, United States, from 1934 until 2003. It was built in 1898 as the Hyatt Hotel , making it the only courthouse in the state not originally built as a courthouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the fire marshal condemned the building due to building code and fire code violations, and the county judiciary was moved to other buildings in Ellijay on March 27. The county commission voted to destroy the historic building rather than renovate and restore it. A November 2006 referendum of county voters approved the municipal bond for a new facility, and allowed the destruction of the previous one.</p><br>
<p>It was identified as threatened in the 2005 catalog of the Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites Project. Hopes for saving it were ended in early 2008, when it was demolished on January 7. A new government building will be constructed in its place.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Noble House, built in 1875, is a historic Greek Revival farmhouse located in Fish Creek, Door County, Wisconsin on Wisconsin Highway 42. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Alexander Noble, one of the founders of Fish Creek, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1829 and moved to Fish Creek in 1863. He served the community as blacksmith, postmaster, town chairman, and county board member.</p><br>
<p>Today, the restored Noble House contains many of its original furnishings and artifacts. The home&#39;s authentic room settings depict the period from 1875 to 1900. The house offers tours that portray life in Door County over a century ago, depicting the village as a thriving fishing and shipping village with horse-drawn wagons traveling the dirt streets.</p><br>
<p>The house is run as a nonprofit institution operated by the Gibraltar Historical Association, Box 323, Fish Creek, WI 54212.</p><br>
<p>The Assay Office is a historic building at 210 Main Street in Boise, Idaho. It is significant for its role in the history of mining in Idaho, and was the first major federal government building in the Idaho Territory. During the first half of the 1860s, Idaho&#39;s gold production was the third highest in the nation. Due to the difficulty of transporting ores, which can be heavy, the long distance to the nearest USA Mint in San Francisco, there was great demand for an assaying office in Idaho that would be able to separate precious metals from impurities in them, helping to place a value on ores that went through the office.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, Congress appropriated $75,000 to build an assay office in Boise, Idaho. The city block site bounded by Main, First, Idaho and Second was donated by Alexander Rossi, a prominent citizen of Boise. Ground was broken in 1870, and the building was completed in 1871. The builder was John R. McBride, Chief Justice of Idaho. The building featured a cupola for ventilation and the interior doors were equipped with iron cages. The first floor of the building held the assayers offices, vaults and safes, assaying and melting rooms (furnaces), laboratory and reagents storage. The second floor was devoted to living quarters for the chief assayer. There was a parlor, pantry, dining room, kitchen and three bedrooms. The basement housed fuel and supply rooms, guards&#39; quarters and wells.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>All equipment was finally in place by the time of the first assay on March 2, 1872. Builder John R. McBride was appointed Superintendent of the Assay Office. Alexander Rossi, who donated the land, was temporary Chief Assayer. By this time, mining was in a slump due to the playing out of surface mines. This slump lasted about a decade until further gold strikes were made in the northern part of the state. In 1887, the advent of the railroad in Idaho and an influx of capital made deep mining possible. A few years after opening, the Assay Office had begun purchasing gold on behalf of the USA government. By 1895, deposits were over one million dollars. For the next eleven years they averaged over one and a half million dollars per year. Renovations on the building in 1889 and 1890 included a new fence, new floors, a hot and cold water system and electric lights.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent uses</h2><br>
<p>The Assay Office closed in 1933 and the building was turned over to the United States Forest Service for use as offices. Renovations at that time included removing the iron bars from the windows, adding windows to the back wall, removal of the vaults and assaying furnaces and rearrangement of partitions. The Assay Office was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, recognizing its significant role in the state&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 the building was turned over to the Idaho State Historical Society. It currently houses the State Historical Preservation Office and the Archaeological Survey of Idaho.</p><br>
<p>Bear River Massacre Site, near Preston, Idaho, is the site of the Bear River Massacre, in which a village of Shoshone Native Americans were attacked by the California Volunteers on January 29, 1863. Estimates of Shoshone casualties are as high as 384. It is also known as Bear River Battleground or Massacre at Boa Ogoi. The incident has one of the highest recorded casualty counts of the American Indian Wars of the 19th century, but was overshadowed at the time by events of the ongoing American Civil War. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The battle site is located several miles northwest of Preston and is roughly bisected by USA Route 91. Its major topographical features are Bear River and the meadows that line its banks, Battle Creek (then known as Beaver Creek), which runs north-south through the area, and has been partially channeled by US 91. North of this channeled area the creek emerges from an escarpment running generally southwest-northeast. The Shoshone village was located on the meadows below this escarpment and consisted of about 70 lodges on either side of Battle Creek, which cuts a ravine through the meadows on its way to the river. This ravine was one of the major killing fields, as defending Shoshone warriors used it as a natural defensive feature, and unarmed Natives sought refuge there from the battle. Natives fleeing the battle were also shot trying to swim across Bear River. The California Volunteers retrieved their dead, but left the Shoshones where they lay.</p><br>
<p>In March 2008, a part of the site was acquired by the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation. They announced plans to erect a memorial at the burial site. In 2018 the tribe announced the purchase of roughly 600 more acres of the massacre site, and announced plans to erect a cultural interpretive center and memorial.</p><br>
<p>The Union Arch Bridge, also called the Cabin John Bridge, is a historic masonry structure in Cabin John, Maryland. It was designed as part of the Washington Aqueduct. The bridge construction began in 1857 and was completed in 1864. The roadway surface was added later. The bridge was designed by Alfred Landon Rives and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers under the direction of Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs.</p><br>
<p>The Union Arch Bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1972 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge design</h2><br>
<p>The bridge, with an overall length of 450 ft and width of 20 ft, is constructed of Massachusetts granite and red sandstone quarried at the nearby Seneca Quarry, and rises 101 ft above Cabin John Creek. The main arch span is 220 ft long and rises 57 ft. The bridge has an internal spandrel wall structure that contains nine additional smaller arches, which are concealed from view by exterior stone sidewalls.Maryland State Highway Administration. Baltimore, MD (1995).</p><br>
<p>Chapter 4, "Stone Arch Bridges: Other Significant Stone Arch Bridges." pp. 58-59. October 1995. When completed in 1864, the main span was the longest single-span masonry arch in the world. It retained that distinction until the opening of the 277 ft span of the Pont Adolphe Bridge in Luxembourg in 1903. Previously, that honour had gone to the Grosvenor Bridge which crosses the River Dee in Chester, England and which was opened by the thirteen-year-old Princess Victoria (five years before becoming Queen) in October 1832. Visually, the similarities between the Union Arch Bridge and the Grosvenor Bridge are remarkable.</p><br>
<p>Although Washington&#39;s population of approximately 58,000 was estimated to need 5,220,000 gallons per day, the conduit was designed for a daily capacity of 76,500,000 gallons. Originally, the bridge was not intended to support traffic and so the conduit was only covered with soft clay. However, soon after its completion, farmers began to use the bridge to bring produce to market. The bridge also began to be used for the transit of equipment to repair the conduit itself. "Between 1870 and 1875, a $46,000 appropriation allowed the road to have macadam topping for about a mile."</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2001, the narrow roadway underwent extensive renovations, partially due to vehicles bumping and damaging the low, unreinforced stone parapet, particularly in the middle of the span where the bridge further narrows. The renovation added a pedestrian/bike lane, providing continuity for the MacArthur Boulevard Bike Trail. On the vehicle side of the roadway, a concrete curb was added to reinforce and protect the stone parapet. A low modular concrete barrier separates vehicles from pedestrians and bikes. Integrated drainage and a simple balustrade of wrought iron railing was added to both sides, protection which had not previously existed.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>The naming of the bridge has been somewhat confused, related to its completion during the Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Union Arch inscription</h3><br>
<p>Several publications have referred to the "Union Arch" of the Washington Aqueduct, but others refer to the structure as the Cabin John Bridge.</p><br>
<h3>Jefferson Davis inscription</h3><br>
<p>The bridge design process had begun in 1853, during the administration of President Franklin Pierce and the Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis. Captain Meigs 1861 order also called for a tablet on the west bridge abutment, with the title, "Washington Aqueduct" and listing the political leaders that were in office both at the start of the project and at its completion (i.e., Pierce and Davis; President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Simon Cameron). By 1862, however, Davis had left the Union to become President of the Confederate States of America. There was resentment among some members of Congress about the inscription of Davis name on the bridge, and this led to an order that his name be removed from the tablet. The Department of the Interior, which was managing the aqueduct at that time, ordered the removal of the inscription.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt was asked by various constituents to restore Davis&#39; name to the tablet. Roosevelt ordered the restoration.</p><br>
<h3>Twentieth century naming confusion</h3><br>
<p>Some additional confusion over the bridge name arose when the Capital Beltway was constructed in the early 1960s, and the nearby Beltway bridge over the Potomac River was also called the "Cabin John Bridge." However, in 1969 the Beltway bridge was formally named the "American Legion Memorial Bridge."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The Union Arch Bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1972 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Note: this NRHP designation is listed as "Cabin John Aqueduct" and refers to the bridge. There is a separate NRHP designation for Washington Aqueduct which refers to the entire aqueduct system from Great Falls, Maryland to Washington, D.C. Both designations refer to the bridge as the "Cabin John Aqueduct."</p><br>
<h2>Current operation</h2><br>
<p>The bridge continues to support the Washington Aqueduct, as well as a roadway, MacArthur Boulevard. Traffic is narrowed to one lane with traffic signals controlling traffic in either direction. A concrete barrier along the south side creates a separated pedestrian walkway across the bridge. Metal fencing on both sides prevents pedestrians and objects from falling. Signs remind road maintenance crews not to salt the roadway in winter months.</p><br>
<p>The USA Army Corps of Engineers completed a renovation of the bridge in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Radnor-Winston is a small community centered near the intersection of York Road and Winston Ave in the North District of Baltimore. Radnor Winston is a friendly, affordable and diverse neighborhood of about 220 homes tucked behind the campuses of Loyola University and The College of Notre Dame. Located in the Roland Park Public School district, the neighborhood is convenient to both downtown Baltimore and Towson.</p><br>
<p>The housing stock includes a variety of detached and semi-detached homes dating from the turn of the 20th century through the early 1950s, primarily bungalows, cottages and American Foursquares.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Radnor-Winston Improvement Association is a volunteer organization, formed in 1958, with a long history of activism on local issues of concern.</p><br>
<p>The Central Woodward Christian Church, now known as Historic Little Rock Missionary Baptist Church, is a Gothic Revival church located in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Originally home of Central Woodward Christian Church, a Metro-Detroit congregation affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), it was sold to Little Rock Missionary Baptist Church when the original congregation relocated to Troy, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The church is built in a classic Gothic Revival style from Indiana limestone, and has a slate roof, copper trim, and stained glass windows. The stained glass windows are a distinguishing feature of the building. Some were installed by the original Disciples of Christ congregation. A. Kay Herbert designed two windows, one window depicting George Washington and the other showing Abraham Lincoln holding the Emancipation Proclamation. In the 1990s, the Little Rock congregation began installing more windows to replace the previous clear glass ones. Perhaps the best known of these windows is the African American Pulpit window depicting the Reverend Richard Allen, the founder of the African-Methodist-Episcopal church, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Reverend Jesse Jackson, Reverend C. L. Franklin, and Reverend James Holley, pastor of the Little Rock congregation.</p><br>
<h2>History of the church</h2><br>
<p>The Disciples of Christ came to Detroit in 1846, as a church was founded by Reverend William Nay. By the 1890s, the congregation had grown enough to construct a large church in downtown Detroit. In 1926 two Detroit congregations, Central Christian Church and Woodward Christian Church merged under the leadership of Dr. Edgar Dewitt Jones. Jones had been called to serve as pastor of Central Christian Church in 1920, and became pastor of the merged congregation in 1926. In 1928 a new building was constructed at the site of the previous Woodward Avenue Church to house the growing and influential congregation. They hired architect George Mason to design the building, which was opened in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, after the congregation moved from Detroit to the northern suburb of Troy, the church built another building at 3955 West Big Beaver Road in Troy, retaining the name Central Woodward Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). The congregation has had several pastors since its move to Troy. In July 2008, Dr. Robert Cornwall became the ninth called pastor to serve the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the building at 9000 Woodward was sold to Little Rock Missionary Baptist church, a primarily African American congregation founded in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The former First Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church building located at 8601 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1909, it was designed by architect Guy J. Vinton in the Late Gothic Revival style. It is now the Peoples Community Church. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church of Detroit was founded on October 20, 1827. The first church constructed by the congregation, a small frame structure, was built at the corner of Fort and Griswold Streets in 1831. The frame structure was replaced with a spacious brick church in 1835. The congregation built larger structures in 1859-63 and 1871-75.</p><br>
<p>As members of the congregation moved outwards from downtown Detroit, the church followed, and in 1909 the church hired Guy J. Vinton to design and construct this church on Woodward. However, after World War II, membership decreased, and in 1957 the congregation sold the building to the Peoples Community Church. The First Baptist congregation moved on to Southfield and constructed a new church in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former First Baptist Church of Detroit is a rockfaced, limestone, Gothic-style church measuring 120 feet long by 110 feet wide. The front facade has a massive, Gothic-arched traceried window balanced with a large square flat-roofed corner tower containing the entryway. An educational wing is adjacent to the tower of similar design to the main church. The exterior of the church is notable for its lack of ornamentation, relying on its massive proportions for visual impact.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church conforms to the Akron plan, with a large, square, barrel-vaulted central auditorium containing wooden pews arranged in a semi-circle. Notably, a broad, curving balcony panelled with a Gothic arch motif completely encompasses the auditorium. The portion of the balcony over the sanctuary contains the choir loft and organ pipes. The transepts on both the main floor and balcony level are constructed to be used as either classrooms or, by opening partitions, overflow seating space.</p><br>
<p>The Metropolitan United Methodist Church is a church located at 8000 Woodward Avenue  in the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. It was completed in 1926, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1986. This church should not be confused with Metropolitan United Methodist Church in Washington, DC, which is often regarded as a National Church within the United States as it was specifically established by the General Conference to be a "representative presence of Methodism in the nation&#39;s capital".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1901, two Detroit Methodist congregations, the Woodward Avenue Methodist Episcopal (founded in 1885) and the Oakland Avenue Church (founded in 1886), merged to form the North Woodward Avenue Methodist Church. Two years later, Dr. Charles Bronson Allen became pastor and convinced the congregation to construct a building at Woodward and Melbourne which burned down on Christmas Eve 1916. The congregation decided to rebuild grander than ever. One of the congregants, Sebastian S. Kresge (who lived nearby in Boston-Edison), donated land at Woodward and Chandler for a new building as well as offering substantial financial support. Another congregant, William E. N. Hunter, designed the structure, however, shortages of building materials and labor caused by World War I delayed construction. The cornerstone was finally laid June 4, 1922, and the first services were held in the completed sanctuary January 17, 1926. By the mid-1930s, the congregation was the largest local church in the Methodist world. Church membership peaked in 1943 at 7,300 members.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is a very large structure in the English Gothic style, built from a distinctive ochre granite from Massachusetts. It is built in a traditional cruciform design buttressed with several low side wings and a gabled roof. The sanctuary occupies the western half of the building while the eastern half contains an auditorium, offices and classrooms. A hallway on the main level separates the sanctuary from the auditorium. The walls of both spaces retract allowing up seating for up to 7,000 with a view of the chancel.</p><br>
<p>One curious feature, when viewing the building from the exterior, is that the lower half of the chancel window is filled with stone rather than glass. This is to allow for display of a large tapestry on the church&#39;s interior.</p><br>
<p>The church is painted throughout by the artist George Boget. Three murals on the second floor crush hall depict scenes from the history of Protestantism and Methodism. They are entitled "The Dawn of Reformation," "John Wesley Preaching on His Father&#39;s Tomb," and "Francis Asbury, Apostle of the Long Trail." A winding tree motif ties these murals together with smaller symbolic imagery painted into the vaulted ceilings on the first and second floor corridors, as well as large murals in Kresge Hall, the auditorium. These murals show smaller scenes of Methodist and Metropolitan History tied into the "family tree" that binds the congregation together.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, Stanley and Dorothy Kresge donated $194,000 for the Merton S. Rice Memorial Organ, named for the former pastor. They contributed an additional $10,000 for structural modifications to house the pipe chambers. The organ is opus 10641 of the M. P. Moller Organ Company. The organ incorporated some pipes from an earlier instrument by Austin Organs, Inc. and at installation, contained 6,849 pipes in 119 ranks. In subsequent years, it has been enlarged to 7,003 pipes and 121 ranks, making it the second largest pipe organ in the state of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The St. John&#39;s Christian Methodist Episcopal Church is a church located in Detroit, Michigan. It was built as the North Woodward Congregational Church, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Woodward Congregational Church was built in stages, with a small chapel, designed by the firm of Malcomson and Higginbotham, on the site of the present church constructed as early as 1907. The construction of the main sanctuary began in 1911 and was completed in 1912. Sections were added, with the most recent, the church house, being added in 1929. This congregation had been organized on July 8, 1917, as St. Johns Colored Methodist Episcopal Church. A State of Michigan historical marker commemorates this church. The official denominational name was changed from "Colored" to "Christian" in 1954. St. Johns Christian Methodist Episcopal Church was the first C.M.E. church established in the state of Michigan and, as of 2009, it remains the largest and most recognized Christian Methodist congregation in the state. The Reverend Dr. Joseph B. Gordon, a native Detroiter, was appointed as pastor in 2008. In August 2014, Rev. Dr. Claude Bass became the churchs pastor. In August 2018, Rev. A Richard Doss became the churchs pastor.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The architect retained by the Congregationalists was Hugh Clement. He designed a Gothic red brick church with limestone trim, having Prairie and Arts & Crafts influences. The building is lower than many Gothic churches, as it lacks a bell tower or lantern. The historical site also includes nine associated row houses along Gladstone Avenue.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Episcopal Church, now known as St. Matthews-St. Joseph&#39;s Episcopal Church, is a historic Episcopal church located at 8850 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, and is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building was constructed in 1926 as a successor to the earlier St. Josephs Episcopal Church at 5930 Woodward Avenue. merged with St. Josephs.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The church building is a typical Gothic structure built from dark coursed sandstone with light sandstone trim. It has a narrow gabled nave and projecting side aisles and projecting transepts. A large rose window faces Woodward, sitting above a recessed entrance. A tall, square bell tower and parish house sit against the north transept. The sides are buttressed, with Gothic clerestory windows.</p><br>
<p>The architect, James J. Nettleton, was a member of the St. Joseph&#39;s congregation and graduate of the architecture program at Cornell University.</p><br>
<p>The Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church is a church located at 8501 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1911 in the Gothic Revival style, the architect was Sidney Badgley. It was used for some time as the Abyssinia Church of God in Christ. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By 1908, the Presbyterians in Detroit recognized the need for a church to serve congregants located in what was then the "north" Woodward area. Meetings were held and the congregation was organized by the presbytery on March 17, 1908. The church had 163 members.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Sherman L. Divine was installed as the congregation&#39;s first minister, and he embarked on an ambitious building project, envisioning a sanctuary that would cost about $100,000 ($ in dollars ). The church enlisted new members and new funding. Tracy and Katherine McGregor donated a lot along Woodward, and the cornerstone for the church was laid on January 1, 1910. Construction began, based on a design by Sidney Rose Badgley. The church was dedicated on June 23 of the next year.</p><br>
<p>Membership surpassed 2200 by 1921. However, by the 1950s, many members were leaving Detroit for the northern suburbs. Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church began to struggle, with fewer than 1000 members in 1961 and only 404 in 1971. In 1981, Woodward Avenue Presbyterian merged with Covenant Church. The combined churches still had fewer than 500 members, and by 1991 there were only 210. In 1993, the congregation split from the Presbyterian church, eventually becoming the Abyssinia Interdenominational Church under Pastor Gary Douglas. The church closed on the death of the pastor in 2005. Woodward Avenue Presbyterian was abandoned, and has fallen into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>Owners changed hands several times but none had the finances to keep up such a large property. The building then was bought at a foreclosure sale by an information technology company that had also purchased an adjacent building. In a 2018 television interview the company&#39;s executive outlined plans to restore the building for the community. As of January 2019 the company had replaced the roof and were in the process of interior cleanup and structural stabilization. However in July the technology company was debared from doing business with the city until 2026 after bribing a city official for business contracts. As of 2020 there was no update on any further repairs.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Woodward Avenue Presbyterian is an English Gothic-style church, faced with rough rock and trimmed with a contrasting limestone, and measuring 184 feet long by 104 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>Literary Hall is a mid-19th-century brick library, building and museum located in Romney, a city in the USA state of West Virginia. It is located at the intersection of North High Street  and West Main Street . Literary Hall was constructed between 1869 and 1870 by the Romney Literary Society.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1819, the Romney Literary Society was the first literary organization of its kind in the present-day state of West Virginia, and one of the first in the United States. In 1846, the society constructed a building which housed the Romney Classical Institute and its library. The Romney Literary Society and the Romney Classical Institute both flourished and continued to grow in importance and influence until the onset of the American Civil War in 1861.</p><br>
<p>During the war, the contents of the society&#39;s library were plundered by Union Army forces, and many of its 3,000 volumes were either scattered or destroyed. After a reorganization in 1869, the society commenced construction of the present Literary Hall in downtown Romney. It transferred ownership of its Romney Classical Institute campus to the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind in 1870 and in that year completed Literary Hall, where the society reconstituted its library collection and revived its literary activities.</p><br>
<p>The Romney Literary Society&#39;s last meeting was held at Literary Hall in 1886. From that point to 1973 the building was used as a meeting space by the Clinton Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons and the Order of the Eastern Star. In 1973, the building was purchased by prominent Romney lawyer Ralph Haines, who used it as a law office and museum. From 1937 to the early 1940s the building also housed a community library. Literary Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and setting</h2><br>
<p>Literary Hall is located in the center of downtown Romney, West Virginia, at the intersection of North High Street (West Virginia Route 28) and West Main Street (USA Route 50) on a city lot less than 1 acre in size. The Hampshire County Courthouse is immediately to its east across North High Street, and the Romney First United Methodist Church is situated immediately to the building&#39;s north. The Old National Building is located to the immediate south of Literary Hall across West Main Street. Literary Hall stands at an elevation of 820.3 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The land upon which Literary Hall was established was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine&#39;s son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719.</p><br>
<p>Literary Hall was built upon a land lot designated "Lot 56" to the immediate west of the public square of Romney. In 1790, the trustees of the Town of Romney commissioned John Mitchel to draft a cadastral survey map of Romney. Prior to this survey, Lord Fairfax had commissioned a similar cadastral survey of Romney sometime before the town&#39;s incorporation on December 23, 1762. On June 30, 1790, Mitchel submitted to the trustees a "Plan of the Town of Romney", which divided the town into 100 land lots of equal size, with four lots adjacent to the courthouse comprising the public square.</p><br>
<h3>Romney Literary Society</h3><br>
<p>The Romney Literary Society, which built Literary Hall between 1869 and 1870, was organized by nine prominent men in Romney on January 30, 1819. With its establishment in 1819, the Romney Literary Society became the first literary organization of its kind in the present-day state of West Virginia, and one of the first in the United States. On February 4, 1819, the constitution of the society was adopted, which provided that the organization should be known as the "Polemic Society of Romney". The society founded its library in 1819 with the acquisition of two books, and by 1861 the society&#39;s humble library had grown to contain approximately 3,000 volumes, consisting of books on literature, science, history and art.</p><br>
<p>The Romney Literary Society commenced a movement to establish an institution for "the higher education of the youth of the community". As a result of this initiative, the teaching of the classics was introduced into the curriculum of Romney Academy in 1820, thus making the institution the first school of higher education in the Eastern Panhandle.</p><br>
<p>The Romney Literary Society and the Romney Classical Institute both flourished and continued to grow in importance and influence until the onset of the Civil War in 1861. During the war, many members fought for the Confederate States Army forces and were killed during the conflict. Following the wars end, only 400 of those volumes could be recovered, with just 200 remaining on the librarys shelves.</p><br>
<p>The Romney Literary Society reorganized on May 15, 1869. Following the reorganization, the society built Literary Hall between 1869 and 1870 while also undertaking an initiative to bring the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind to its old Romney Classical Institute campus. The construction of Literary Hall was part of the societys effort to revive the organization and reassemble its original library. The society set about recovering original volumes and purchasing new ones, and the library reopened with 700 volumes. For a period of ten years between 1870 and 1880, much of Romneys intellectual life centered on Literary Hall. As older members died, interest in the society began to dwindle. The society&#39;s meetings were held less frequently, and its last recorded meeting was held on February 15, 1886.</p><br>
<h3>Clinton Lodge</h3><br>
<p>The Clinton Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons was the second organization to utilize Literary Hall as a meeting place. The Clinton Lodge was the first Masonic lodge to be chartered in Hampshire County and is among the earliest Masonic lodges to be established in present-day West Virginia. It was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Virginia on December 13, 1825. The lodge underwent four periods of hiatus: first, between 1838 and December 15, 1846; a second time between 1855 and its rechartering on July 3, 1857; a third time between 1861 and December 11, 1867, during the Civil War and Reconstruction; and a fourth time between November 29, 1881, and November 12, 1890, when it was again reactivated.</p><br>
<p>Following the completion of Literary Hall in 1870, the Clinton Lodge Masons regularly utilized the first floor of the building as a meeting space, while the Romney Literary Society maintained its use of the second floor as a library. In 1973, prominent Romney lawyer Ralph Haines purchased Literary Hall from the Clinton Lodge Masons to rescue the old building from demolition and provided the lodge with a land lot for the construction of a new Masonic Temple at the corner of Washington and Center Streets in Romney. Following his purchase of Literary Hall, Haines restored the building to its original state and used it as a law office building and private museum. Haines later relocated his law offices to an adjacent commercial building. Under Haines&#39;s ownership, Literary Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1979.</p><br>
<h3>Hampshire County Public Library</h3><br>
<p>The building again served as a library in March 1937, when Romneys community library was relocated to the first floor of Literary Hall from its previous facility in the basement of the Hampshire County Courthouse. The library had been established on April 11, 1935, as a project by the American Legion Auxiliary, and was housed in a room of the courthouse basement where it was staffed by volunteers and open from 2pm to 4pm on Saturday afternoons. When the librarys collection of both purchased and donated books outgrew its space in the courthouse basement, the Clinton Lodge Masons granted permission to the library to house its collection at Literary Hall in 1937. Following its move to Literary Hall, the library expanded its hours, and expanded them again, to five afternoons a week, through the assistance of the National Youth Administration and the Works Progress Administration.</p><br>
<p>In January 1942, a meeting was held for the purpose of establishing a more extensive library service. Later that month, on January 29, a charter was issued by West Virginia Secretary of State William Smith O&#39;Brien for the creation of the non-profit Hampshire County Library Association.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The interior and exterior of Literary Hall remain largely intact. At two stories, the building is tall in its proportion and incorporates elements from both early American and Victorian styles, which were common in academic buildings built during this period.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian S. Allen Chambers described Literary Hall as an anomaly because the basic design and fenestration patterns, which invoke early Federal and Greek Revival design elements, are adorned with details more characteristic of the Victorian era.</p><br>
<p>According to architectural historian Michael J. Pauley of the West Virginia Department of Culture and Historys Historic Preservation Unit, Literary Halls unique structural features make the building "one of Romneys and Hampshire Countys most notable landmarks, and one in which this community is justifiably proud".</p><br>
<p>Literary Hall is a two-story red brick structure, rectangular in plan, and topped with a gable roof. The first floor of Literary Hall consists of four rooms, and the second story is a single large ballroom. Fused with symmetrical elements evoking Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles are exterior decorative moldings and brick corbeling in the Victorian style.</p><br>
<p>The main façade (south elevation) of Literary Hall is divided into three bays, and its west and east elevations are divided into five bays. Each of the buildings bays consists of a double-hung sash wooden window, with nine panes of glass within each sash. The windows are symmetrically placed within recessed brick panels that are defined at the first and second stories of the building with elementary brick ribs, or pseudo-pilasters, that form the outer surface of the buildings exterior walls and provide separation of the three bays of the main façade and the five bays of the west and east elevations. The windows are framed by white wooden louvered window shutters. The building&#39;s brick is laid in an American bond pattern, with five courses of stretchers between every course of headers.</p><br>
<p>The main façade is topped by a simple wooden raking cornice that surmounts an ornamental corbel brick pendant. A semicircular fanlight, or lunette, is located in the center of the gable of the buildings main façade, providing lighting to the buildings attic.</p><br>
<p>Each of the main façades first- and second-story windows and the entrance are adorned with white wooden label moldings. The main entrance is composed of a tall double wooden entrance door, with its original handle and locks. Each door consists of four vertical wooden panels. A rectangular transom light of four vertical glass panels tops the main entryways double wooden doors. Outside the entryway is a spacious brick stoop that is accessed by a cement walkway from West Main Street. Its brick steps leading up to the stoop were last restored in the late 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Literary Hall is flanked by two interior side chimneys, between the second and third bays of the west and east elevations of the building. The building rests on a sandstone, ashlar block foundation. Its gable roof is sheathed with standing seam tin sheeting.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Primitive Baptist Church is a historic church building in Summit, Oklahoma. The church was built in 1922 for the Primitive Baptist congregation and is the oldest surviving structure in Summit, a historically all-black town. It was built by Rev. L. W. Thomas. The building is a front-gabled, sandstone building with a square cupola on the ridge of the east end, over the entrance. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 for its importance to the historical settlement and the social history of the black community in Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Hall, also known as the Governor William Livingston House, located on Morris Avenue in Union, Union County, New Jersey, United States, is a historic home where many leading influential people lived. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey  in 1938. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark on November 28, 1972, for its significance in politics and government. It is now the Liberty Hall Museum.</p><br>
<p>Originally a fourteen-room Georgian-style house, it was built in 1772. Liberty Hall stands today as a fifty-room Victorian Italianate mansion. Liberty Hall has been home to many historical figures and was the home of William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, who served from 1776 to 1790; United States Supreme Court Justice Henry Brockholst Livingston; the Kean political dynasty, including Susan Livingston Kean, widow of Continental Congress delegate John Kean, United States Senator and Congressman John Kean, and Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean; and, in its first year of occupancy, future Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Liberty Hall has had visitors of such stature as George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette, Elias Boudinot, and John Jay, the latter of whom was married there.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty Hall Museum is located on the Liberty Hall Campus of Kean University in Union, New Jersey between the campus&#39; Main Campus in Union and East Campus in Hillside, New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Livingstons</h3><br>
<p>The Liberty Hall Museum was built as a Georgian-style house in 1772 by William Livingston, a lawyer who would go on to become a member of the First and Second Continental Congress, founding father, a signatory of the Constitution, and the first Governor of the State of New Jersey. During the first year of occupancy Alexander Hamilton, later the first Secretary of the Treasury, resided with Livingston. The house was built on a 120-acre property purchased by Livingston in 1760 in then-Elizabethtown, close to New York, New York where Livingston worked. The Livingston family moved into Liberty Hall full-time in 1773. The gardens and orchards first planted by Governor Livingston are still evident on the museum grounds today.</p><br>
<p>Guests at Liberty Hall included George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette and Elias Boudinot and the house was the site of the marriage of one of Livingston&#39;s daughters to John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, in which Livingston fought, the house was damaged by both the American and British armies. After the war Livingston returned to the house and lived there until his 1790 death. Following the deaths of Governor Livingston and his wife, Susannah French Livingston, their son Henry Brockholst Livingston, a future United States Supreme Court Justice, inherited the home. In 1798 the home was purchased by George Belasise, Lord Bolingbroke and wife Isabella, who continued the Livingstons&#39; tradition of enhancing the agriculture and grounds of Liberty Hall.</p><br>
<h3>The Keans</h3><br>
<p>In 1811 Liberty Hall was purchased by Peter Kean in trust for his mother Susan Livingston Kean Niemcewicz, a niece of William and Susannah Livingston (women could not own property in their own name in the United States until the second half of the nineteenth century). Susans first husband, John Kean of South Carolina, had been a delegate to the Continental Congress who supported ratification of the United States Constitution in South Carolina, was the first cashier of the Bank of the United States and had been held prisoner during the American Revolution (a consequential respiratory disease lead to his death at age thirty-nine). Susan Livingston changed the name of Liberty Hall to Ursino, the name of her Polish second husband Count Julian Niemcewiczs Polish estate (Niemcewicz had returned to Poland after Napoleon&#39;s successful campaigns, having initially been exiled due to his role in unsuccessfully fighting for independence from the Russians.)</p><br>
<p>Colonel Peter Kean, the only son of Susan and John Kean, and his wife Sarah Sabina Morris, granddaughter of Lewis Morris, the first royal governor of New Jersey inherited Liberty Hall, followed by their son Colonel John Kean II. John Kean II lived at Liberty Hall for 60 years and made the most significant changes to the house and property, expanding the house to its current structure as a 50-room Victorian Italianate structure for the main reason of accommodating his large family, and introduced modern amenities such as running water, gravity hot-air heating, and gas lighting. The house passed to the oldest son of John and Lucinetta Halsted Kean, John, a two-term Congressman and Senator from New Jersey who continued to live and host affairs at Liberty Hall when home.</p><br>
<p>Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean and Katharine Winthrop Kean and nephew of Senator John Kean inherited the house upon his uncle&#39;s death and resided there with his wife, Mary Alice Barney after 1932. Mary Alice Kean motivated the restoration of Liberty Hall and other historic homes and was a researcher of Kean family history. Mary Alice Kean was the final resident of Liberty Hall before it became Liberty Hall Museum.</p><br>
<h2>The structure</h2><br>
<p>The building, in three sections, was built of frame over an elevated stone basement. The original two-story central portion had a modified gambrel roof and two interior chimneys and was flanked by one-story wings, built on the main axis, with polyangular ends, hipped roofs, and end chimneys. Exterior walls were flushboarded. Quoins marked the corners of the central section, and flat, key-blocked cornices topped the first-story windows.</p><br>
<p>In 1789 a second story was added to the west wing. In 1870 a third story was superimposed on the west wing and central section, and the second and third stories on the east wing. The rooms and tower at the northwest corner and the rooms at the northeast corner were also constructed at that time, as well as a gabled roof with bracketed eaves over the entire building.</p><br>
<p>Except for the additional levels, the south, or front, elevation retains its original appearance. Open-string steps, whose balusters are plain, lead to the pedimented front porch. A fanlight surmounts the paneled door. Shutters are paneled on the first floor and louvered on the second. Third-story windows lack any such adornment. The cornice of the porch, as well as its triangular pediment, are dentiled.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan and interior trim of the 18th-century portion of the mansion remain essentially intact within the larger present structure. The elaborate mantels date from the 19th century. While a number of rooms and their furnishings have been restored to their original condition, others have been added to meet the changing needs of different generations of the Kean family, and modifications have been made to add modern heating and plumbing systems.</p><br>
<h2>National Landmark</h2><br>
<p>In 1949 Mary Alice Kean began to transform the house into a museum and in 1974 Mrs. Kean restored the name "Liberty Hall" to the house. The museum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark. The building is part of Kean University and is located on the Liberty Hall Campus at Kean. Liberty Hall houses collections of furniture, clothing, manuscripts, books, portraits, pictures, and other historical artifacts, including a signed letter from George Washington, a pre-census, population count, and an invitation to Abraham Lincoln&#39;s inaugural. The Liberty Hall was one of the important points of interest of the "Young Immigrant Hamilton Tour" as part of the CelebrateHAMILTON 2014 hosted by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society.</p><br>
<p>Grace Church in Newark  is an active and historic Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Newark. It has stood since 1837 on Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey, US. It worships in the Anglo-Catholic tradition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grace Church was founded on Ascension Day in 1837 at the behest of Bishop George Washington Doane. As part of what is today called the Oxford Movement, Grace&#39;s founders emphasized the sacramental worship and succession of bishops of the Episcopal Church as their direct link to Christ, the Apostolic community and its Eucharistic worship – a sister to the Roman Catholic Church. A daughter parish of Trinity Church, Bishop Doane explicitly founded the church in the growing city to be the standard-bearer for Anglo-Catholicism in the diocese.</p><br>
<p>The church building, designed by Richard Upjohn, who was also the architect of Trinity Church, New York, was consecrated on October 5, 1848. It is an example of Gothic Revival architecture in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1987. The church was built on the site of the old Essex County Courthouse and Jail, which burnt down on August 15, 1835. The massive, single bell in the tower was an early replacement for one purchased and installed before the consecration in 1848; the original bell produced a horrible sound, drawing complaints from parishioners and local citizens, and was replaced with a "more agreeable toned bell" purchased by Jermiah C. Garthwaite, one of the 1837 founding members of the church. The bell, paid for by an Episcopalian textile manufacture in Newark, is rung for solemn occasions, and was rung to support the Federal soldiers defending Fort Sumter in 1861.</p><br>
<p>The tune for "America the Beautiful," called "Materna," was written here by the parish organist Samuel A. Ward in 1882.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Grace uses an Anglo-Catholic, sacramental liturgy, or order of service, at the center of which, in the tradition of the Church as said to be handed down from the Apostles, is the Eucharist, also known as Holy Communion or the Mass. Grace teaches the Catholic faith, holding that Christians gain access to the mystical body of Christ through the sacramental worship of the community and are aided by the sequential liturgy, incense, and Eucharistic sacrifice to an experience of heaven. Incense, lights, and ceremonial vestments are used. The contemporary-language rite from the 1979 Book of Common Prayer (Rite II) is used.</p><br>
<p>Grace holds High Mass on occasion, with liturgy sung in Latin by the ordained clergy. In celebration of Martin Luther King Jr. Day in January 2020, a mass was celebrated with music performed by choirs from Grace Church and other nearby areas.</p><br>
<p>The congregation includes people from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, Caucasian Americans, and African Americans of all ages and sexual orientation. The parish follows Catholic faith and practice in The Episcopal Church, but accepts the ordination of women and affirmation of same-sex marriage.</p><br>
<p>The J. Brent Bates became the parish&#39;s seventeenth rector in March 2011.</p><br>
<h3>Music</h3><br>
<p>Grace has an adult choir and a chorister program, performing mass and weekly singing the Gregorian chant mass propers from the early, medieval and renaissance traditions. Grace holds choir concerts and organ recitals on the 48-stop tracker instrument built by Casavant Frères in 1990. The Grace Church Music Society, organized in 2008, each year sponsors a series of recitals and concerts. The current Director of Music & Organist is Wolff von Roos. Past directors of music have included Daniel C. Romero, Tyrone Whiting, James M. Hopkins, Joseph Arndt, and James McGregor, a composer, conductor, and organist who held the position for forty-eight years and was widely known throughout the Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h2>Masses and services</h2><br>
<p>The church offers masses, other forms of worship, and family and youth activities. Weekday mass is every Tuesday-Friday at 12:10pm. Weekday morning prayer is offered at 9am same days, and evening prayer is offered at 5pm. Sunday Mass is offered both at 8am and 10:30am. The 8am is spoken and the 10:30am is the Solemn High Mass with music.</p><br>
<p>The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company Warehouse is a historic formerly commercial building at 150 Bay Street in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Built as a warehouse for The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company  in 1900, it is the major surviving remnant of a five-building complex of the nation&#39;s first major grocery store chain. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, and now houses a mix of residences and storage facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former A&P warehouse is located just northeast of the central downtown area of Jersey City, on the west side of Prevost Street between 1st and Bay Streets. It is nine stories in height, constructed out of steel and reinforced concrete, with some wall sections fashioned from red brick. It has a footprint of 220 x, and had more than 360,000 ft&sup2; of interior space. Architecturally, its facades are divided into rectangular sections by vertical piers and horizontal bands of concrete, with most sections housing several sash windows and some brickwork. All three street-facing facades are crowned by projecting cornices. Those three sides also originally had ground-level truck bays extending across most of their lengths, and the east side also featured a railroad siding.</p><br>
<p>The building was built by Turner Construction Company in 1900 for A&P, which had its start in New York City c. 1859 as an importer. It opened a grocery in Manhattan in 1864, and rapidly expanded, with 67 stores ranging as far west as St. Paul, Minnesota, and more than 15,000 by 1930. The Jersey City complex included five buildings devoted to the manufacture and distribution of the company&#39;s products and inventory. It was sold by the company in 1929. The building now houses a mix of residential rental units and a storage facility.</p><br>
<p>The Clark Thread Company Historic District, located at 900 Passaic Avenue, East Newark, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, is a large mill complex. Begun in 1875, it was a major manufacturing site of the Clark Thread Company, the world&#39;s leading manufacturer of sewing thread, until 1935. The complex was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1978 for this association. It now functions as an industrial park housing a diversity of businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Clark Thread Company facilities lie overlooking the Passaic River in East Newark, covering an area of about 13 acre bounded by Passaic, Grant, and Central Avenues, and a railroad right-of-way that parallels Johnston Avenue. There are 35 buildings on the site, built between 1875 and 1910. Most are of brick construction, the most prominent ones being large four-story mills with rows of segmented-arch windows.</p><br>
<p>The Clark Company was founded in 1864 by George and William Clark, the sons of Scottish thread manufacturer James Clark, who acted as agents for their fathers firm. First located in nearby Newark, the Clark firm expanded into East Newark in 1875. The company became famous for its thread, which was specifically developed to work well with then-new sewing machines. It was the largest threadmaker in the nation by 1873, and doubled in size by William Clarks death in 1897, when it merged with competitor J&P Coats. Coats and its successors continued to operate on this site until the 1930s, when they began moving production to the American South. The site is now used by a variety of industrial companies.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, Scientific American recognized Clark Thread Works to have the highest chimney in the United States at 335 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Camas Meadows Battle Sites, also known as Camas Meadows Camp and Battle Sites, are two sites important to the Battle of Camas Creek, fought August 20, 1877 between members of the Nez Perce tribe and troops of the United States Army. The Nez Perce captured about 150 horses and mules from a campsite of the pursuing army, and for several hours besieged a detachment sent to recover them at a second site. The two sites, each about 40 acre in size, are about 5 mi apart in Clark County, Idaho. and are now part of Nez Perce National Historical Park, a collection of sites important in Nez Perce history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Both sites are located northeast of the town of Dubois, Idaho, off Clark County Road A-2 on the east side of Camas Creek. The Army campsite was located at approximately 44&deg;21&prime;11&Prime;N latitude, 111&deg;53&prime;06&Prime;W longitude. Its full extent has not been identified, and is likely to extend beyond the 40 acres in the landmark designation. This area was known as Camas Meadows because the meandering streams provided water for a profusion of camas flowers in the otherwise arid environment. Most of the camp was located in between Camas Creek and Spring Creek, although the tent of General Oliver O. Howard was located on a rise to the east of Spring Creek.</p><br>
<p>The siege site is located further to the northeast, at about 44&deg;24&prime;45&Prime;N latitude, 111&deg;47&prime;41&Prime;W longitude. Its principal features are two low knolls at which the detachment of Captain Randolph Norwood took refuge from the numerically superior Nez Perce. In this area the soldiers dug out several rifle pits, which survive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Several bands of Nez Perce actively resisted attempts to restrict them to reservation. This refusal, repeated after an ultimatum delivered by General Howard in May 1877, escalated into the Nez Perce War, and the now-celebrated attempt by Chief Joseph to lead a large band of non-reservation Nez Perce to Canada. After suffering defeat at the Battle of Big Hole on August 9–10, the Nez Perce traveled south, hoping to flank Howard&#39;s force and reach Canada via a route further east. Howard attempted to cut off this flanking maneuver by beating the Nez Perce to Camas Meadow, but reached that area August 19, one day after the Nez Perce had departed.</p><br>
<p>Sensing an opportunity, the Nez Perce decided to raid the army camp at Camas Meadow. After traveling half the night, they surprised the camp just before dawn, making off with 200 pack mules and several horses. General Howard sent out three columns of men in pursuit. One of these, a 50-man detachment under Captain Randolph Norwood, advanced well ahead of the other two, and became encircled by Nez Perce, digging rifle pits to escape sniper fire from all sides. After several hours, General Howard&#39;s main force arrived, and the Nez Perce retreated. The Army stopped to regroup, and lost the trail of the Indians, whose depleted force was not captured until six weeks later.</p><br>
<p>Tullis-Toledano Manor, also known as, the Toledano-Philbrick-Tullis House, was a red-clay brick mansion on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in Biloxi. It was considered an example of Greek Revival architecture. The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Christoval Sebastian Toledano, a sugar and cotton broker of Spanish descent from New Orleans, built the house in 1856 for his second wife, Matilda Pradat. The home was a -story, five-bay structure built of red-clay bricks that were manufactured in a Biloxi brickyard. The upper floors were accessed by a semi-spiraled, wooden staircase.</p><br>
<p>Another structure on the property was a two-story brick kitchen with servant&#39;s quarters located approximately 50 yd behind the main house. In the 20th century, the structure was remodeled to serve as a guest house.</p><br>
<p>After Matilda Toledano sold the house in 1886, there was a succession of owners until 1939, when it was purchased as a summer home by Garner H. Tullis of New Orleans who was President of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange. In 1969, the home sustained considerable damage from Hurricane Camille, and was sealed and vacated. In 1975, the Tullis family sold the house and property to the city of Biloxi. The city restored the house and used it for the next 30 years as a museum and community center.</p><br>
<p>After weathering 150 years of storms from the Gulf, Tullis-Toledano Manor was completely destroyed during Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005. A barge from Grand Casino Biloxi washed ashore during the hurricane and crushed the house. Nothing was left of Tullis-Toledano Manor except rubble.</p><br>
<h2>Councilor oak</h2><br>
<p>Located on the east side of Tullis-Toledano Manor was a centuries-old southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) which had the designation of Councilor Oak. The name was derived from local legend that native Indian tribes and French colonials signed treaties under the oak&#39;s branches. The tree had a trunk circumference of 21 ft and a crown spread of greater than 100 ft. Councilor Oak (Crawford-Tullis Oak) was the 45th tree to be registered with the Live Oak Society. The oak was destroyed by the same barge that demolished Tullis-Toledano Manor in August 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Escoe Building  was a historic commercial building located at 228-230 North Second Street in Muskogee, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was a two-story brick office building built in 1908 and demolished in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Escoe Building was the only professional building in Muskogees black district and housed the first black-owned bank in Oklahoma. It was also known as the Simmons Building because it housed the Simmons Royalty Co., Oklahomas first major oil business owned by a black family.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Ridgedale  is a 19th-century Greek Revival plantation house and farm on a plateau overlooking the South Branch Potomac River north of Romney, West Virginia, United States. The populated area adjacent to Washington Bottom Farm is known as Ridgedale. The farm is connected to West Virginia Route 28 via Washington Bottom Road .</p><br>
<p>Ridgedale, constructed in 1835, was the residence of gentleman farmer George William Washington, a descendant of George Washington&#39;s great-great-grandfather Reverend Lawrence Washington. The farm is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main residence at Ridgedale farm is a high-style Greek Revival structure. The three-story brick house stands on a brick foundation and has an L-shaped plan. The house has a hip roof with a central square cupola and a widow&#39;s walk. The cupola has a window on each side with a 4 over 4 double-hung sash, and brackets under the roof edge. On the roof are five chimneys, one at each corner and one in the back ell with a slightly flared edge of corbels at the top, and a recessed panel in the center face.</p><br>
<p>The front, or south elevation, has a center hipped wooden porch with steps. The porch has a spindled handrail, wooden posts and deck, and small brackets under the eave. The main entrance is centered with a single transom and has a Greek Revival feature of a wide trim piece over the doorway. The house has five bays on each floor. The windows on the house are all double-hung sash except for the third floor which has small lozenge windows of three vertical lights in the frieze section. With pine sills and brick lintels, the first floor windows are 6/9 sash and reach to the floor in the front two rooms. The second floor windows are 6/6 sash.</p><br>
<p>The residence&#39;s west elevation is divided into two sections with the front portion of the house and the rear ell. Each section has three bays on each floor with 6/6 sash windows on the first and second floor and lozenge windows on third floor of the front section. The rear ell is slightly set back from the facade and has a kitchen porch on the first floor with wooden posts. A lower level door leads into a basement room, and the first floor door leads into the kitchen. The basement windows are 3/3 sash windows</p><br>
<p>The north side of the ell is a blank brick wall with a single lower level entrance that has a brick stairwell and original beaded door. The north side of the main house has two 6/6 sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The east façade of the house has the front portion to the left with a small center porch</p><br>
<p>which matches the details on the front porch with wooden posts and a spindled handrail. There are small brackets under the eave and lattice covers the area under the porch. The porch is accessed from the two 6/9 sash windows from the front and back room, which reach to the floor. Above these openings are two 6/9 sash windows on the second floor and lozenge windows at the third floor. The right side of the house is recessed back for the rear ell which has a two-story porch. The porches were enclosed in the 1940s with glass windows, and were updated in 2010 with 4/4 casement windows and transoms and brick stairs. The wooden floor remains in its original condition.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the residence has good integrity with original wooden floors, wooden trim, a</p><br>
<p>wide center hall with curved stairs, 12&#39;ceilings, and six panel doors, some of which have</p><br>
<p>graining. The trim on the second floor with 11 ceilings is simpler with narrow closets in the bedrooms having been added after 1939. The doorways on this floor have transoms opening into the hallway. 2 bathrooms were added at the front end of the hall with pocket doors and transoms. The 3rd floor has 9 ceilings which angle and the low lozenge windows and face nailed pine floor. A narrow dog-leg stairway leads to the cupola and a door opens out to the widow&#39;s walk. A dog-leg stairway also connects to the second floor of the rear porch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fort Williams</h3><br>
<p>The land on which Ridgedale Farm is located can be traced back to Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, as can many of the large tracts in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. It was surveyed around 1749 by George Washington. The farm was first settled in 1725 by Peter Peters. On the parcel was located Fort Williams, established as a settler&#39;s fort in 1756 by Richard Williams. Williams and his family were living on the plantation of his father-in-law Peter Peters on the South Branch Potomac River in 1755 at the time of a Native American attack. Williams built his fort, Fort Williams, after he arrived home from Native American captivity, in the spring of 1756. From documentation, it appears to have been a settlers fort, although militia were stationed there at times during the course of the French and Indian War. In the spring of 1758, troops were</p><br>
<p>temporarily stationed at the fort, probably under the order of Captain Thomas Wagoner, of the</p><br>
<p>Virginia Regiment who was authorized by General George Washington to man any settler forts</p><br>
<p>which were in need of support. No archaeological evidence has been discovered for the fort which is documented by deeds.</p><br>
<h3>George W. Washington</h3><br>
<p>George W. Washington (1809–1876) was the son of Edward Washington, a descendant of George Washington&#39;s great-great-grandfather Reverend Lawrence Washington, and was born near Pohick Church in Fairfax County, Virginia. He was well-educated and highly respected. He married Sarah (Sally) A. Wright (1811–1886) on February 19, 1830. She was the daughter of John Wright and his wife Rebecca Lockhart of Loudoun County, Virginia and the granddaughter of Major Robert Lockhart, a native of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where he served on the Committee of Public Safety in the American Revolution and was also a major in the county militia. Sarah Wright was born at "Wheatland" near Leesburg on April 22, 1811. She was educated at the Moravian Academy in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Major Robert Lockhart, her grandfather, devised Ridgedale and 700 acre to Sarah, her brother, and sister in 1817. This land came into the ownership of George and Sarah after their marriage.</p><br>
<h4>Establishment of Ridgedale</h4><br>
<p>The couple moved to the Ridgedale and constructed the single pen log cabin around 1832 where they lived until the spacious Greek Revival main house was completed. As their family and resources grew, they added to the farm and constructed the main house in 1835. They had 11 children: Edward, John W., Rebecca, Esther (also known as Etta and Ettie), John, Betty, George, Robert, and Sallie. Son John W. and daughter Sallie died when less than two years old, and the second John died during the American Civil War in which his brother Edward also fought.</p><br>
<p>George W. Washington&#39;s agricultural practices included raising beef cattle, sheep, and pigs. He owned many horses, including two registered Percheron mares. Most of his horses were purchased in England and brought to the farm. He grew corn, hay, soybeans, oats, wheat, and flax. He sold cured and fresh pork, along with corn, wool, and vegetables for farm income. The earliest standing farm outbuilding was constructed around 1850. If earlier log barns existed, their sites are unknown. A newspaper account from December 25, 1907, tells of the loss by fire of an "immense basement barn." It is the following year that new silos were added to two other existing barns.</p><br>
<p>Washington kept a daily journal from 1832 to 1876 which provides a few glimpses into life on the farm. He owned approximately 300 sheep, often bought and sold cattle and horses, and owned a team of oxen and mules. He tells of chopping ice from the river in January 1868 and storing it in the icehouse. The bottom land behind the house, which totaled over 200 acre, was planted in hay and corn. The field in front of the house was called "the little meadow." Corn was grown in the bottom land, and timothy-grass grown and harvested in the meadow.</p><br>
<p>Washington speaks of the ridge, known as Middle Ridge (geologically a continuation of Mill Creek Mountain), which was used to pasture his cattle and sheep. This section is no longer part of the farm. Corn was also grown and harvested from a</p><br>
<p>high water island in the South Branch Potomac River known simply as "the island." It totals approximately 30 acre, and not reachable by equipment is no longer farmed. Washington also kept bulls on a feed lot, near the barn area. This lot was used for feeding the dairy cattle into the 1950s by the Brinker family.</p><br>
<h4>Slavery</h4><br>
<p>George W. Washington and his family owned 16 slaves in 1850, and 20 are listed on the 1860 slave schedule census.</p><br>
<p>William Bias, one of the Washington familys slaves, and his wife Ann, took the surname Washington and were conveyed by Susan Blue Parsons 2 acre from Wappocomo plantation on November 7, 1874. William and Ann Washingtons home, known as Washington Place, was one of the first residences in Hampshire County built by freed slaves. William Washington later acquired other properties on the hills north of Romney along what is now West Virginia Route 28 and became the first African-American land developer in the state of West Virginia. One of his subdivisions is the "Blacks Hill" neighborhood of Romney, adjacent to the Washington Place homestead.</p><br>
<h4>American Civil War</h4><br>
<h4>="Camp Washington"=</h4><br>
<p>Ridgedale was the scene of activity during the American Civil War. The Washington family hid Confederate soldiers in the house. According to Washington family tradition, General Ashby had his headquarters at or near Ridgedale. Another account places Captain Ashbys mortal wounding by a bayonet thrust at a battle with Union forces at Dans Run along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on June 26, 1861. He was placed in a room associated with Ridgedales ballroom and died there after about a week. He was cared for until he died on July 3, 1861. At his request, he was supposedly buried under an oak tree at the Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney. After the war, he was reinterred with his brother Turner Ashby at Stonewall Cemetery in Winchester, Virginia, in 1866. Their grave is marked "The Brothers Ashby."</p><br>
<p>George W. Washington kept a journal of the happenings of this period, which has preserved valuable information concerning the period of the American Civil War in Hampshire County.</p><br>
<p>Washingtons sons, Edward and John, both joined the Hampshire Guards before the American Civil War began, and left for Harpers Ferry in May 1861. John was killed in the Battle of Cold Harbor the following year. His son Edward was wounded in the Battle of Antietam and acted as a courier for Generals Stonewall Jackson and Jubal Anderson Early and later took part in the capture of General George Crook and Benjamin Franklin Kelley when he acted as a guide for the McNeills Rangers. Two of Edward&#39;s sisters, Rebecca and Etta, were sent from Hampshire County to carry a message to General Jackson, then stationed near Winchester, that the Union forces were in possession of Romney. They rode horseback for their entire journey and carried the message under the saddle.</p><br>
<h4>=Southern Methodist support=</h4><br>
<p>Washington was an early supporter of the Southern Methodists in Hampshire County, of which he alludes to in his 1868 journal. He was one of the trustees who purchased land in 1851 in the town of Springfield to construct a church building for the Methodist Episcopal Church South, after Methodists split into northern and southern factions in 1846. Washington states that he and his family had not been able to attend the Springfield Methodist Church while it was in the process of being repaired after the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Robert M. Washington</h3><br>
<p>George W. Washington died on February 6, 1876, and his will was proved four days later. His wife Sally died in 1886. They are buried at Indian Mound Cemetery in Lot 78 in Romney. The farm continued in son Roberts hands when he purchased it in January 1879 from the other heirs and devisees of his father. Those signing the conveyance were the following: his mother Sally; Edward Washington and his wife Susan; James B. Rees and wife Rebecca (Washington); Ettie Washington; George W. Washington and wife Ann E. John J. Inskeep and wife Bettie Washington; and Sallie G. Washington. Robert retained ownership of the farm until his death in 1930. Approximately 500 acre of the farm were sold in 1936 by Washingtons heirs to the Brinker brothers of Cumberland, Maryland.</p><br>
<h4>Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</h4><br>
<p>The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad built a line near the farm in 1883. This line served the communities from Green Spring, West Virginia, to Petersburg. The railroad had a siding on the farm to drop supplies as needed, such as fencing and other materials. This was in place until 1930. The South Branch Valley Railroad continues to operate on the old Baltimore and Ohio line near Washington Bottom Farm.</p><br>
<h3>Brinker family</h3><br>
<p>Brothers Fred, George, and Joseph Brinker had owned a machinery dealership in Cumberland. They converted the horse barn into a dairy barn and began to operate a dairy business in 1940. In 1943, Fred&#39;s son Charles W. and wife Dorothy and two children moved from Baltimore, Maryland, to Springfield, West Virginia, to help operate the dairy farm. In 1950, they purchased a half interest, and after the accidental farm-related death of Fred Brinker, they acquired the remaining interest in the farm from family members. Charles and Dorothy Brinker lived at the farm for fifty years and operated the dairy with the help of their four children: Fred, Maryann, Robert, and Terry.</p><br>
<p>Washington Bottom Farm was then owned by Robert C. Brinker and his wife, Loretta. With their sons, Matthew and Michael, the farm was expanded in fall 2001, and the dairy was returned to operation. A milking parlor was installed in the original horse barn to handle 400 head of Holstein cattle. The main crops harvested were corn and hay to support the herd. This operation continued until 2003 when the farm was sold to Carol and Mike Shaw. Although the farm once had 700 acre, it now has a total of 321 acre associated with the early</p><br>
<p>residence and farm buildings.</p><br>
<p>Since the Shaw&#39;s purchased the farm, Ridgedale has undergone an extensive restoration project partially funded from both the West Virginia Division of Culture and History and the United States Department of the Interior through the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Shaw&#39;s use the home as their private residence and give tours upon request.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>A small Indian mound, is to the east of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Edward King House, is a monumentally scaled residence at 35 King street in Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It was designed for Edward King in the "Italian Villa" style by Richard Upjohn and was built between 1845 and 1847, making it one of the earliest representations of the style. It was the largest and grandest house in Newport when it was built. Edward King was the largest landowner in town by 1860, having made his fortune through the China Trade.</p><br>
<p>The house is built in brick, has asymmetrical massing, arched window heads, and a prominent three story tower. It was Upjohn&#39;s first use of the "Italian Villa" style. These elements would later come to be considered typical features of Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>The Edward King House was donated to the city of Newport in 1912 by Edward Kings son and subsequently housed the Newport Public Library. It is now a senior citizens center, The Newport Senior Center at the Edward King House. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 15 October 1970</p><br>
<p>Tomotley  is a prehistoric and historic Native American site along the lower Little Tennessee River in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Occupied as early as the Archaic period , the Tomotley  site was occupied particularly during the Mississippian culture period, which was likely when its earthwork platform mounds were built. It was also occupied during the eighteenth century as a Cherokee town. It revealed an unexpected style: an octagonal townhouse and square or rectangular residences. In the Overhill period, Cherokee townhouses found in the Carolinas in the same period were circular in design, with,</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, the Tomotley site was submerged by Tellico Lake, an impoundment of the lower Little Tennessee River and lower Tellico River, after construction of a dam managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The site is visible from Toqua Beach and the Toqua Boat Ramp, both of which are managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>The Little Tennessee River traverses northern Monroe County for roughly 40 mi between its Calderwood Lake impoundment near the Tennessee-North Carolina border and its mouth along the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. The impoundment of the river in 1979 by Tellico Dam created Tellico Lake, which covers the river&#39;s lower 33 mi as well as the lower 22 mi of its tributary, the Tellico River.</p><br>
<p>The Tomotley site was located along the south bank of the Little Tennessee just north of the confluence of Toqua Creek with the river, nearly 22 mi above the river&#39;s mouth at the Tennessee River. The Overhill village of Toqua, and its associated prehistoric site, were located on the south side of Toqua Creek, opposite Tomotley.</p><br>
<p>Toqua Beach and the Toqua Boat Ramp, which overlook the Tomotley site, are located along Tennessee State Route 360 (Citico Road). They are roughly 2 mi south of the road&#39;s junction with USA Route 411 in Vonore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The root of the name "Tomotley" is unknown, although it is generally believed to have originated before the Cherokee occupation. Ethnologist James Mooney suggested a possible Muscogee Creek origin, pointing out the phonetic similarity to the Creek town of Tama&#39;li, which was located on the Chattahoochee River in Georgia, and Creek occupancy of this area prior to the Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>Others have theorized that Tomotley was formed by Lower and Valley town Cherokee refugees fleeing warfare with the Creek in the mid-18th century. The name was also used for Lower and Valley Cherokee towns in South Carolina and North Carolina.</p><br>
<h3>Town</h3><br>
<p>Tomotley first appears in the European colonial historical record in 1756, when it was led by Cherokee chief Attakullakulla. That same year, a small English force under Captain Raymond Demeré arrived in the area to build and garrison Fort Loudoun on the Little Tennessee River near the Tellico. The British were trying to protect the Cherokee, whom they wanted as allies in the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>The garrison was greeted at Tomotley by the chief, Conocotocko (Old Hop), who told Demeré, "I am now old and lie upon a bad bearskin. My life is not more than an inch long." William de Brahm, who designed the fort, resided at Tomotley while the fort was being constructed in late 1756.</p><br>
<p>Around this time, a sharp political rift occurred in the Cherokee hierarchy between those who were aligned with pro-French and pro-English factions. Tensions were increasing as the French and British were engaged in the Seven Years&#39; War in Europe, known as the French and Indian War on its North American front. When pro-French sentiments began to prevail in the key Overhill town of Great Tellico, its pro-English headman Ostenaco was forced to flee to the Little Tennessee Valley. By the time Anglo-American colonist Henry Timberlake visited the Little Tennessee Valley in the Overhill Country on his peace mission in 1761, Ostenaco was governor of Tomotley (Attakullakulla was listed as governor of the nearby towns of Tuskegee and Mialoquo).</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution and Cherokee–American wars, most of the Overhill towns were destroyed by American forces. Because Tomotley was located at a strategic ford along the Little Tennessee, it was the first of the Overhill towns to be captured in 1776 by William Christian&#39;s expedition. When John Sevier invaded the valley three years later, he reported that Tomotley was still in ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The first major archaeological investigation at the Tomotley site was conducted by J.W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institution in the 1880s. Emmert located two earthwork mounds at the site, one of which was 8 ft high and had a diameter of 58 ft. Both contained human burials.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, the Tennessee Valley Authority was proceeding with a project to dam the Little Tennessee River and create Tellico Lake, which would flood many significant historic and prehistoric sites. The University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology (under contract with the National Park Service) was commissioned to survey the area in 1967. They conducted test excavations at the Tomotley site that same year in an attempt to locate the historical village. As the Tellico Dam project stalled, more extensive excavations were conducted in 1973, 1974, and 1976. The excavations located 19 Cherokee and pre-Cherokee structures, including Tomotley&#39;s Cherokee councilhouse (townhouse), 18 human burials, and several thousand ceramic, stone, and bone artifacts.</p><br>
<p>While the site yielded evidence of Archaic (8000 to 1000 BC) and Woodland period occupation, excavation revealed that Tomotley&#39;s most substantial periods of habitation occurred during the South Appalachian Mississippian culture period (1000-1500 AD), when the earthwork mounds were built; and the Overhill Cherokee period (18th century). Excavations also uncovered a number of Euro-American artifacts, some of which may have originated with the Fort Loudoun garrison.</p><br>
<h3>Cherokee habitation</h3><br>
<p>Prior to excavation, historians had thought that Tomotley was founded by refugees from the Cherokee Middle, Lower, or Valley towns when they fled warfare with the Creek and later the English, and established Overhill towns. The latter attacked and destroyed their towns in the mid-18th century. The goals of the 1976 excavations were to shed light on this theory by determining the location and structure of Tomotleys councilhouse, analyzing Tomotleys Cherokee dwellings, and establishing the general layout of the village.</p><br>
<p>In fact, the dwellings excavated at Tomotley provided some of the strongest evidence of occupation prior to the Overhill Cherokee period. Of the 19 structures uncovered at Tomotley, the councilhouse was octagonal, and the rest were either square or rectangular in shape. The lack of circular structures was inconsistent with historical accounts of Overhill Cherokee dwellings, which typically consisted of a circular ("winter") house and a rectangular ("summer") house. Archaeological investigations at Overhill sites such as Toqua, Chota, and Citico also uncovered substantial evidence of such circular structures.</p><br>
<p>But circular structures were not common among Lower and Valley Cherokee towns in the Carolinas. Other evidence supporting occupation by refugees from these areas includes the ceramic material uncovered during the 1973-1974 excavations. The artifacts bore more similarities to Middle and Chickamauga Cherokee (Lower Cherokee) ceramics than to Overhill ceramics.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is a historic church building in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The church was built in 1903 and was the first church building for the African-American population of Muskogee County. It was built in a Romanesque Revival style. It features two asymmetrical, crenelated towers and a steeply pitched gabled roof. The building is clad in two types of red brick. The two types of brick are separated by a rusticated limestone belt course. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for architectural significance and for its importance in local African-American history.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist "evolved from a mission school founded in 1877 for blacks and Indians". It is one of four churches included in the Black Protestant Churches of Muskogee Theme Resource study.</p><br>
<p>Muskogee had a "thriving" black community with a business district of "several retail stores, physicians and attorneys offices, a black-owned bank, and a black newspaper, the Muskogee Cimeter." The population included 7,831 blacks in 1910 (31% of the total Muskogee population).</p><br>
<p>Traverse des Sioux is a historic site in the USA state of Minnesota. Once part of a pre-industrial trade route, it is preserved to commemorate that route, a busy river crossing on it, and a nineteenth-century settlement, trading post, and mission at that crossing place. It was a transshipment point for pelts in fur trading days, and the namesake for an important United States treaty that forced the Dakota people to cede part of their homeland and opened up much of southern Minnesota to European-American settlement.</p><br>
<p>Formerly a Minnesota state park, the site of the old settlement and river ford is now a State Historic Site The site of the crossing was rediscovered in the early 2000s; its north and south ends were marked by PVC pipe, as the river has changed its route and the crossing is not obvious.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Traverse is a French word that means crossing. The term Traverse des Sioux has been applied both to the crossing of the Minnesota River at this location, Dylan Thomas, "Historic river crossing rediscovered", Minnesota Historic Sites. These sources use language similar to Thomas Hughes&#39; paper presented to the Minnesota Historical Society on September 9, 1901, which states:</p><br>
<p>Traverse des Sioux, being the French translation of its Dakota name Oiyuwega, (crossing), was then, and from time immemorial had been, the most important point on the Minnesota. The excellent river crossing there found, together with its position where the great forest of the east and the vast plains of the west naturally met, where the Blue Earth and its tributaries were conveniently accessible, and where the headwaters of the Minnesota and Red rivers could be reached by a short cut over land, made Traverse des Sioux the natural capital of the Sioux country.</p><br>
<p>Hughes (1901), p. 104. and the transit of the prairie from the west.</p><br>
<p>As used by the French Canadian voyageurs and their Métis relatives and descendants, a traverse was a crossing from a safe resting place across an open area to another point of shelter, such as a voyageurs’ crossing of hazardous waters from point to point rather than along a sheltered shore, or its correlate on land, a crossing by Métis ox cart brigades of open prairie from one secure resting place to another. The settlement at Traverse des Sioux was a destination of Métis carters during the days of the Red River Trails, and was also home of a voyageur community during the same time.</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth-century explorer John C. Frémont used the term Traverse des Sioux to refer to the crossing of the plain west of the river. Westbound travelers left the Minnesota River at the settlement of Traverse des Sioux and went directly west across the open prairie, leaving the shelter of the wooded riverbank in order to shortcut the right-angle elbow of the river at Mankato. They returned to the river near the mouth of the Cottonwood River at modern New Ulm.John C. Frémont describes his 1838 westward crossing of the traverse in his Memoirs:The Traverse des Sioux is a crossing-place about thirty miles long, where the river makes a large rectangular bend, coming down from the northwest and turning abruptly to the northeast.... In this great elbow of the river is the Marahtanka or Big Swan Lake, the summer resort of the Sissiton Sioux. Our way over the crossing lay between the lake and the river. At the end of the Traverse we returned to the right shore at the mouth of the Waraju or Cottonwood River...</p><br>
<p>Frémont, (1886), p. 34; see also Gilman, p. 94, fn. 27.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Native Americans had historically used a ford of the Minnesota River here from pre-contact times. A trading post at the site of the crossing likely existed by the last half of the eighteenth century, and a number of fur traders had establishments there in the first half of the nineteenth century. An Indian mission was established there in 1843.</p><br>
<p>By the 1840s it was used as a transshipment point in the fur trade. Pelts from upstream fur posts and from collection points as far away as Pembina and Fort Garry, Canada, were brought by ox cart trains traveling on the West Plains Trail, the westernmost of the Red River Trails. At Traverse des Sioux, the furs were transferred to flatboats bound for Mendota, Minnesota and eastern markets. In the later part of that period, some cart trains traveled all the way to Mendota or Saint Paul, Minnesota, whence the furs were taken by Mississippi riverboat to markets downriver. By 1851 the settlement had two missionaries and their families, a school, several fur trading establishments, a few cabins of French voyageurs, and twenty to thirty Indian lodges.</p><br>
<p>In 1851 the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was signed at the post, by which tribes of the Sioux people were induced to cede 24 million acres (97,000 km) of land to the United States for promises of reservations and annuities at a rate of seven cents per acre. This concession opened up vast areas of Minnesota Territory to non-native settlement. The lands surrendered included Minnesota west of the Mississippi and south of the lands of the Ojibway, all of what later became South Dakota east of the Big Sioux River, and much of northern Iowa.</p><br>
<p>After the treaty a town was platted, which kept the settlement&#39;s name of Traverse des Sioux. Its seventy buildings included two hotels, several churches, and five taverns. The old town was abandoned by 1869.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1905 a legislative commission was formed to identify the site of making the 1851 treaty. Investigation located the spot, which was dedicated in 1914. Traverse des Sioux Treaty Site Park was established by legislative action, but little development occurred.</p><br>
<p>The park was reclassified as a state wayside park in 1937 during the Great Depression, and the state tried to acquire additional land. By 1963 those efforts had stopped. The site was inundated by the devastating 1965 floods of the Minnesota and Upper Mississippi rivers. In 1969 the state authorized expansion of the historic site, and an investigation marked the foundation ruins of the townsite. In 1980 the wayside and townsite were removed from the state park system and transferred to the control of the Minnesota Historical Society; what was considered excess land was transferred to the city of Saint Peter.</p><br>
<p>A self-guided tour of the town and treaty site is available. The Nicollet County Historical Society maintains its headquarters at the adjacent Treaty Site History Center, with exhibits about the treaty and other area history. The site is managed by the county historical society in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, historians and an engineer located the site of the historic river ford. After historians found a map published in Old Traverse des Sioux (1929) by Thomas Hughes, engineer Dick Gardner surveyed and mapped the remains of the village; he combined the two sources by computer to integrate the location of the fur post, cemetery, and other features of the historic settlement. In addition, archaeologists have found Paleo-Indian projectile points in the area estimated to be 9,000 years old, indicating this site was inhabited or visited by Native Americans for many millennia. The ends of the ford are now marked by PVC pipe, as the river has shifted course.</p><br>
<p>The Alexis LaTour House also known as, Old Homeplace and Guillory Homeplace et al. </p><br>
<p>(Syllabus by the Court.) et al. (Supreme Court of Louisiana. Jan. 5, 1914.)</p><br>
<p>(Syllabus by the Court.) is a historic house formerly located in Ville Platte, Louisiana. The oldest portion of the house was built in 1835 by Alexis LaTour. The house was expanded in 1837. The original house was a -story Creole cottage of bousillage construction that was one room wide and two rooms deep and had a front gallery. The 1837 expansion added two rooms and a central hall. Details of the house, including an exterior staircase, bousillage construction, and beaded clapboarding, ceiling beams, and ceiling boards were common in traditional Creole architecture. Both the older and the newer part of the house had unusual mantels. The older mantel featured cove moldings, panels, and a large central lozenge. The other mantels in the house were more traditional but were still unusual.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 several modifications were made including the addition of Queen Anne style dormer windows and a large rear wing. Over time, other, smaller modifications have been made including the replacement of windows and doors, the replacement of the original gallery columns, and the replacement of front, exterior staircase. Despite the modifications, the house still retained significant integrity, including the basic Creole form of the house, the bousillage construction, the copious beading, and the original mantels at the time of its enlistment in the National Register of Historic Places. The house was the best detailed and largest surviving early structure in Evangeline Parish.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1987, for its architectural significance. It was delisted in 2015 since the house was moved by the owners about 22.3 mi to the southeast in 1998. The house is still standing in Saint Landry Parish at 890 Chretien Point Road, Sunset (30.39443&deg; latitude, -92.09597&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>The David Sears House is a historic house located along Beacon Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The three-story house was built in several stages between 1816 and 1875. Now a National Historic Landmark, it was one of the first houses built of granite in the city, and was designed by Alexander Parris for David Sears, a prominent merchant, philanthropist, and landowner. The carved granite panels that adorn the facade were carved by Solomon Willard.</p><br>
<p>The original 1816 house was a two-story L-shaped structure with a hip roof, with a facade that was seven bays wide. In c. 1824 Sears had the building nearly doubled in size, adding three bays to the facade, and moving the front door to its present location. In 1875, after the building was acquired by the Somerset Club, the third floor was added, changing the roof from a hip to a gable. This work also included renovations to the interior of the first two floors. The building was again enlarged to the rear in 1900, adding additional space for servants.</p><br>
<p>The house is still owned by Somerset Club, and is not open to the general public. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
